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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þurbaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þurbaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thurbana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þurbaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þurbaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθur.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚢᚱᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Preterite-present</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to need, to require</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to have to</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *tetórpe, from *terp- (‘to satiate’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þarf</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þurbį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þarft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þurbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þarf</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þurbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þurbū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þurbīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þurbudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þurbīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þurbum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þurbīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þurbud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þurbīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þurbun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þurbīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þurftǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þurftēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þurftēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þurftēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þurftē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þurftēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þurftēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þurftēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þurftēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þurftēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þurftēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þurftēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þurftēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þurftēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þurftēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þurftēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þurbandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þurftaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þurbaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þurban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>thurvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dorven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>dörve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þurban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>thurvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dorven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>durven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>durf</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>durref</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>derv, dėfo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>dùrf</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þurban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þurfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>tharen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>thar</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>thair</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þurban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>durfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>durfen, dürfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>törfe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>דאַרפֿן (darfn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þurban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>durfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>durfen, dürfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>dürve, durfe, dearfe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>däerfen, duerfen, dierfen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þurban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>durfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>durfen, dürfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>dürfen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ido</lang>
                          <orth>darfar</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þurban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thurvan, thurƀan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dürven, dörven, dröven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dürven, dörven, dröven, dröffen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þurfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tørva, tarva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þurfa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>turve</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>turva</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þurfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thæruæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tarve</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þurfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þorva, þarva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tarva</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>torva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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