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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þurhw</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þurhw</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_terh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*terh₂-</orth>
          <def>to cross</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_tiras" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>तिरस्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tiras</orth>
          </form>
          <def>through</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thurhw" type="preposition" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þurhw">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þurhw</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθurxʷ</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚢᚱᚺᚹ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>preposition</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>through</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely from Pre-Germanic *tr̥h₂(h₃)kʷ-, a compound of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terh2">*terh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cross’) + *h₃ekʷ- (‘to see’). Others take the second element to be *-kʷe. In either event related to Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_tiras"><ref target="#cog_san_tiras">तिरस्</ref></mentioned> (tiras, ‘through’), तिर्यञ्च् (tiryañc, ‘transverse, horizontal’), Latin trāns.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>þurh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>thurgh, thurh, thruh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>through, thorough</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>throuch, thorow</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>þuruh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>thurgh, thurh, thruh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>through, thorough</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>throuch, thorow</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>döör</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>truch</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>troch</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>thuruh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dörch, dör, dür, diör</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>thurh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dörch, dör, dür, diör</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>thuro</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dōre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                      <orth>doear, doearch, dórch</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                      <orth>deur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Zealandic</lang>
                      <orth>deu, deur, door</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>thuro</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dōre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>door</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>deur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>doro</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                        <orth>dhur, dhur-dhuran</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dœr</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                        <orth>door</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                        <orth>dor</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Petjo</lang>
                        <orth>door</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>door</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>thuro</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>dōre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>door</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                        <orth>doro</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>doo, Kari'na: dorome</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kwinti</lang>
                          <orth>doo, doro</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                          <orth>dóu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>duruh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>durch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>durch</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>dorrich</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>duerch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>duruh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>durch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>דורך (durkh)</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hebrew</lang>
                        <orth>דוך (dukh)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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