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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þurisaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þurisaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_twerh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*twerH-</orth>
          <def>to hasten, be quick</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_tura" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>तुर</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tura</orth>
          </form>
          <def>speedy, quick, strong, powerful, rich</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thurisaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þurisaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þurisaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθu.ri.sɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚢᚱᛁᛊᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>giant; demon; monster</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>name of the rune ᚦ (þ)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Derived from *þurēnan, which is etymologically connected to Vedic Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_tura"><ref target="#cog_san_tura">तुर</ref></mentioned> (tura, ‘speedy, quick, strong, powerful, rich’) (from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_twerh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_twerh">*twerH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hasten, be quick’)).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þurisaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þurisōz, þurisōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þurisą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þurisanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þurisas, þurisis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þurisǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þurisai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þurisamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þurisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þurisamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þuris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þurisōz, þurisōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þuris</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thuris</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þuris</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þyrs, ðyrs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thurs, thirs, thrisse, thrusse, thurse, thursse, thyrce, þurs</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thurse</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þuris</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>duris, turs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>turse, türse, torse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Turse</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þurs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tussur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þurs</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>tuss, tusse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tuss, tusse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                    <orth>tursa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tuss, tusse</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þurs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tusse, tosse</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tosse, turs</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þuss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tussur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þurs</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>tuss, tusse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>tuss, tusse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                    <orth>tursa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tuss, tusse</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þuss</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tusse, tosse</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tosse, turs</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*tursas</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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