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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þwahaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þwahaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_twaxtan" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>twaxtan</orth>
          <def>brushwood for bathing</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thwahana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwahaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þwahaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθwɑ.xɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚹᚨᚺᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to wash, bathe</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *twók-e-ti, of unclear further origin; possibly related to Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_twaxtan"><ref target="#cog_prg_twaxtan">twaxtan</ref></mentioned> (‘brushwood for bathing’), presuming a root Proto-Indo-European *twek-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwahō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwahaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwahai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwahizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwahaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwah</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwahazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwahaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwahidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwahai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwahadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwahadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwahaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwahōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwahaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwahadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwahaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwahadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwahamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwahaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwahandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwahaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwahid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwahaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwahid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwahandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwahaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwahandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwahain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwahandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwahandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwahaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwōh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwōgį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwōgīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwōh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwōgī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwōgū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwōgīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwōgudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwōgīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwōgum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwōgīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwōgud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwōgīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwōgun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwōgīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þwahandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þwaganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þwahaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwahan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>thwān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwâen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dwaan</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwahan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þwēan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thwēn, athwean</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwahan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*thwā, *thwān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tau, taui, tüünj</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwahan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dwahan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dwahen, dwān, twahen, twān, zwahen, zwehen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zwagen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwahan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thwahan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwân, dwāgen, twagen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þvá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tváa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þvo</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>två</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þvá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>þwā, thwo, tho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>to</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þvá</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þvā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>två, tvaga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þwahan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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