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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þweraną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þweraną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_twerh_e_ti" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)twérH-e-ti</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thwerana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þweraną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þweraną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθwe.rɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚹᛖᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to swirl, turn, stir</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_twerh_e_ti"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_twerh_e_ti">*(s)twérH-e-ti</ref></mentioned>, from *(s)twerH- (‘to stir; to propel’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwerō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þweraų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwerai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwirizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þweraiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwer</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwerazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þweraizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwiridi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwerai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þweradau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þweradai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þweraidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwerōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þweraiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þweradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þweraidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þweradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þweramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þweraim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þweraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwirid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þweraid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwirid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þweraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwerandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwerain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwerandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þweraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwērį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwart</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwērīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwērī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwērū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwērīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwērudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwērīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwērum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwērīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwērud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwērīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwērun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwērīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þwerandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þuranaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þweraną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þweran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þweran</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þweran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*dweran, *tweran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dweren, dwërn, tweren, twërn, thueran, tuiran, dueran</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>zweren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zweren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þweran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*thweran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwēren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dweren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*þwera</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tvære</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>tvære</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>tvära</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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