<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þwerhaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þwerhaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_terkw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*terkʷ-</orth>
          <def>to turn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_torqueo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>torqueō</orth>
          <def>to twist</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_tarku" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>तर्कु</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tarku</orth>
          </form>
          <def>spindle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thwerhaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwerhaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þwerhaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθwer.xɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚹᛖᚱᚺᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cross, adverse</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Presumably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terkw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_terkw">*terkʷ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn’); compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_tarku"><ref target="#cog_san_tarku">तर्कु</ref></mentioned> (tarku, ‘spindle’) and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_torqueo"><ref target="#cog_lat_torqueo">torqueō</ref></mentioned> (‘to twist’). Kroonen assumes metathesis of Pre-Germanic *térkʷos to *twérkos.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>þwerhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>þwerhammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>þwerhōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>þwerhammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thwerh, *thwerhes</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwer, dwers, dwersch, dwāers</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dwars</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>dwars</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þweorh, þwerh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thwīre, thwyre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>þweres</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>twer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dwerah</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Twër</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>queesch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>twar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dwerah</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>quer, zwerch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>kvär</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dwerah</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dwërch, twërch, twerhe, twer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>quer, zwerch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>kvær</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                            <orth>kvær</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thwerh, ðwerh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwer, dwers, queer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>dwere, dwire</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thwerh, ðwerh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwer, dwers, queer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>dweer, dwars, quars, verquars</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>verquast</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwerh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thwerh, ðwerh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwer, dwers, queer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>queer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>queer, qwer</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Azerbaijani</lang>
                            <orth>kuir</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Danish</lang>
                            <orth>queer</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                            <orth>kvira</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>queer</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Georgian</lang>
                            <orth>ქვიარი (kviari)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>queer, Queer</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Hebrew</lang>
                            <orth>קוויר</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Hungarian</lang>
                            <orth>queer</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Japanese</lang>
                            <orth>クィア (kuia)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Latvian</lang>
                            <orth>queer, kvīrs</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Polish</lang>
                            <orth>queer</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                            <orth>queer, cuir, cuír</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Russian</lang>
                            <orth>квир (kvir)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                            <orth>queer, kvir, квир</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Slovene</lang>
                            <orth>kwir</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Spanish</lang>
                            <orth>queer, cuir</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Swedish</lang>
                            <orth>queer</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Tamil</lang>
                            <orth>குயர் (kuyar)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Turkish</lang>
                            <orth>queer, kuir</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                            <orth>квір (kvir)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                            <orth>קוויר (kvir)</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þverr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tvær</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tvørur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þver</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>tverr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þverr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þvert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tvært</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þverr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>þvert</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thwert</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thwart</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þverr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þvær, þvar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvär</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐍃 (þwairhs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
