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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þwinhaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þwinhaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_twenk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*twenk-</orth>
          <def>to squeeze, press, pack; pressure</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_tvenkti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>tveñkti</orth>
          <def>to dam up</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_twanka" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>twāṅkā-</orth>
          <def>to wear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thwinhana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwinhaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þwinhaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθwĩː.xɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚹᛁᚾᚺᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to constrain</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to force</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_twenk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_twenk">*twenk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to squeeze, press, pack; pressure’). Cognate with Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_twanka"><ref target="#cog_xto_twanka">twāṅkā-</ref></mentioned> (‘to wear’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_tvenkti"><ref target="#cog_lit_tvenkti">tveñkti</ref></mentioned> (‘to dam up’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwinh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwinhaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwinhōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwinhaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwinhadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwinhaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwinhadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwinhaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwanh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>þwungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwanht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>þwungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwanh</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>þwungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>þwungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>þwungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>þwungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>þwungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>þwungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>þwinhandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>þwunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>þwinhaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>thwinga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thwingan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dwingen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>dwingen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dwingan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dwingen, twingen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>zwingen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þwingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thwingan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dwingen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þvinga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tvinga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þvinga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>twingen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þvinga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>tvinge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>tvinga, tvinge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þvinga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>thwingæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>þvinga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þvinga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tvinga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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