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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *þūmô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_þūmô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_twf" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>twf</orth>
          <def>strength</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tu</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>h₂</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_tumor" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>tumor</orth>
          <def>swelling, tumor</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_tumeti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>tumė́ti</orth>
          <def>to coagulate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_tumra" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>तुम्र</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>túmra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>strong, big</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_thumo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þūmô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>þūmô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈθuː.mɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚦᚢᛗᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>thumb</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2_x2">*tu</ref></mentioned> (h₂)m-ō, from *tum- (‘to swell’), thus "big swollen finger" &gt; "thumb". Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_tumra"><ref target="#cog_san_tumra">तुम्र</ref></mentioned> (túmra, ‘strong, big’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_tumor"><ref target="#cog_lat_tumor">tumor</ref></mentioned> (‘swelling, tumor’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_tumeti"><ref target="#cog_lit_tumeti">tumė́ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to coagulate’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_twf"><ref target="#cog_cym_twf">twf</ref></mentioned> (‘strength’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>þūmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>þūmaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>þūmanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>þūmanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>þūminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>þūmanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>þūmini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>þūmammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>þūminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>þūmammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>þūmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>þūmaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thūmo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dume</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>doem, doemb</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*thūmo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>dume</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>duim, dom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>duim</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>doin</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                          <orth>doi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>dim</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>dim</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>tompi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>dùim, duim</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>дюйм (djujm)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>þūma, *ᚦᚢᛗᚪ (*þuma)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>thombe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>thumb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>thoum</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>thoome, thoume</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>thūma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tome, töme</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Tume</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>tomme, tûme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dūmo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dūme, doume, tūme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Tuume, Duume</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Daumen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dūmo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dūme, doume, tūme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Daam, Dama</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>daumo</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dūmo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dūme, doume, tūme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Dumme, Dumm, Daume, Daum</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Daume</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Daum</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>dūmo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>dūme, doume, tūme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Daume, Dumme</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>Daume</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*þūmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>thūmo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>dûme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Dumen, Dume, Duum</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Dumen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*þumi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>tummi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>þumi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>tum</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>ᚦᚢᛘᛒᛚᛁᚾᚵᛁ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*þumi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>tomme</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>tomma</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>tomme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*þumi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>tumme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*þumi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>þumi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>tumme, tum</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*tuumën</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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