Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary

suffix verb Weak class 3 forms chiefly stative or fientive verbs meaning ‘to be’ or ‘to become’ what is denoted by an adjective or noun forms factitive verbs meaning ‘to make, treat, or regard as’ what is denoted by an adjective or noun The present paradigm for Weak class 3 verbs shows an alternation *-ai- ~ *-ā-. This inflectional form was likely originally used in factitive verbs (especially deadjectival and denominal), and it has been generally argued to be derived from Proto-Indo-European thematic factitives in *-o-yé/ó-, with the *-ai- appearing before inherited endings that begin with *e or *i, and the *-ā- appearing elsewhere. There is ongoing debate about how to explain the exact phonological and analogical developments that led to the Germanic alternation; however, there is no straightforward way to derive the complete paradigm from pre-Germanic *-ajaną through regular loss of intervocalic *-j- Fulk 2018: 308–13 Jasanoff 1973: 850–70 Ringe 2017: 203–206, 262, 286–89 Tanaka 2011: 254–60, 268–69. In addition to absorbing older stative verbs, Weak Class 3 also included some stative verbs that appear to have continued a separate formation with Proto-Germanic *-ai- ~ *-ja-, possibly derived from an Indo-European stative or essive formation in *-eh₁-yé/ó- or its zero-grade counterpart. Thus, Weak class 3 as reconstructed for Proto-Germanic appears to have been morphologically diverse. While its factitives and many of its statives shared the *-ai- ~ -*ā- paradigm, they did not necessarily all come from the same Proto-Indo-European source. Examples of similar stative formations include Latin rubēre and Old Church Slavonic ръдѣти. Similarly, Ancient Greek factitives in -όω (-óō) may represent a related Indo-European denominative-factitive pattern Fulk 2018: 308–13 Ringe 2017: 203–206 Tanaka 2011: 254–60 Tucker 1981: 15–34. The early runic forms wiju and wija appear to be first-person singular forms corresponding to Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽, and indicate that there was a Northwest Germanic ending **-jǣ and that a *j-bearing formation existed in at least one factitive verb. Mees 2023: 347–64 argues that the early epigraphic evidence cannot easily be reconciled with the recent reconstructions that derive the factitive paradigm directly from *-o-yé/ó- as Proto-Germanic *-ai- ~ *-ā-. The forms do not demonstrate that intervocalic *-j- was regularly retained throughout Weak class 3; however, they do provide further evidence that this verb class has more than one morphological history.