<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ēdraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ēdraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="thesis" xml:id="van_der_heijden2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/LIYW8GKP">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vincent F.</forename>
              <surname>van der Heijden</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <date>2018</date>
              <note type="thesisType">(MA thesis,</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_atar" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ātar</orth>
          </form>
          <def>fire</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_a" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-ā-</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_itc-x-proto_atros" xml:lang="itc-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ātros</orth>
          <def>black</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_atrs" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>ātrs</orth>
          <def>quick</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_otrus" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>otrùs</orth>
          <def>quick</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_edraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ēdraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ēdraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɛː.ðrɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᛞᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>quick, speedy, prompt</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown. <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> compares Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_otrus"><ref target="#cog_lit_otrus">otrùs</ref></mentioned> (‘quick’) and Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_atrs"><ref target="#cog_lav_atrs">ātrs</ref></mentioned> (‘quick’) but considers them possible loans from. Van der <bibl corresp="#van_der_heijden2018">Heijden 2018</bibl> reconstructs the term from Proto-Indo-European  *h₂eh₁-t-ró-s, from root *h₂eh₁- (‘to burn, be hot’), with lengthened grade in the Proto-Germanic term. In that case, possible cognates would be Proto-Italic <mentioned xml:lang="itc-x-proto" target="#cog_itc-x-proto_atros"><ref target="#cog_itc-x-proto_atros">*ātros</ref></mentioned> (‘black’) and Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_atar"><ref target="#cog_ave_atar">𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭</ref></mentioned> (ātar, ‘fire’). However, the -ē- would have had to have been lengthened early on, otherwise *h₂eh₁- would more likely lead to Late PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_a"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_a">*-ā-</ref></mentioned>and then Proto-Germanic -ō-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdrôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdrōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdras, ēdris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdras, ēdris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ēdraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ēdraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ēdraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ēdrammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ēdrōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ēdrammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ādr, ādrō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ādro</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ātar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ādro</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ādr, ādrō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*ǣder, *ēder, ǣdre, ēdre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ȝedir, ȝedire, yeder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ādr, ādrō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēder, ēdre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>äder, eder</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>edder</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>yer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>áðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>áður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>áður</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
