<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ēlaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ēlaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="conferencePaper" xml:id="katz2005" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/S4UPCRLP">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">To turn a blind eel</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Joshua T.</forename>
              <surname>Katz</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <forename>Karlene</forename>
              <surname>Jones-Bley</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Martin E.</forename>
              <surname>Huld</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Angela Della</forename>
              <surname>Volpe</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Miriam R.</forename>
              <surname>Dexter</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference</title>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Los Angeles</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Helmut Buske Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">317–351</biblScope>
              <date>2005</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_heh3l" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Heh₃l-</orth>
          <def>to bow, bend; elbow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_elaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ēlaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ēlaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɛː.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>eel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from a substrate. <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</bibl> tentatively compares *ēlō (‘awl’) and *alaz (‘awl’). <bibl corresp="#katz2005">Katz 2005</bibl> posits a possible Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_heh3l"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_heh3l">root *Heh₃l-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bow, bend’) as an etymon, linking the eel’s physical, undulating motion. It shares an ancestral lineage with words for physical joints, such as the PIE root for ‘elbow’. He also posits <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂elh₂-</mentioned>(‘to wander, roam’), highlighting its migratory, elusive nature, which vanishes down rivers to spawn in the deep sea.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ēlaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ēlōz, ēlōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ēlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ēlanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ēlas, ēlis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ēlǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ēlai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ēlamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ēlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ēlamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ēl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ēlōz, ēlōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*āl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*āl, ael</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ael</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>aal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>aal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*āl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ǣl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>el, eel, ele, hele, iel, yele</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>eel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>eel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*āl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Äil</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>iel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*āl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>āl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>āl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Aal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Ool</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*āl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>āl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>âl, êl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Aal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>áll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>állur, álur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>áll</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>ål</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>áll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>āl, aal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ål</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>áll</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>āl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ål</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
