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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ēsą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ēsą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_esa" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ěsa</orth>
          <def>food, dish</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_yetse" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>yetse</orth>
          <def>skin</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_esa" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ēsą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ēsą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɛː.sɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᛊᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>food, carrion</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>prey; bait</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ēd-s-om, from a lengthened grade form of *h₁ed- (‘to eat’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_esa"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_esa">*ěsa</ref></mentioned> (‘food, dish’) and Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="txb" target="#cog_txb_yetse"><ref target="#cog_txb_yetse">yetse</ref></mentioned> (‘skin’). Related to *etaną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ēsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ēsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ēsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ēsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ēsas, ēsis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ēsǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ēsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ēsamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ēsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ēsamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ēsą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ēsō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>aes</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>aas</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ǣs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>easse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Oas, Äise</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ies</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ās</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Aas</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ās</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ās, angulās</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>as</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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