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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ēþmô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ēþmô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1eh1t_mo_h1h1t_mnes" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés</orth>
          <def>breath, spirit</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ethmo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ēþmô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ēþmô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɛːθ.mɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛖᚦᛗᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>breath</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>spirit</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1eh1t_mo_h1h1t_mnes"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1eh1t_mo_h1h1t_mnes">*h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés</ref></mentioned> (‘breath, spirit’), from *h₁eh₁t- + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-mō</mentioned>(forms agent nouns from verbs). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtmā (‘breath, soul, self’) and Proto-Tocharian *āñcäme (‘wish, self, soul’). Related to *ēþmaz (‘breath, breathing; spirit; breeze’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ēþmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ēþmaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ēþmanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ēþmanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ēþminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ēþmanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ēþmini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ēþmammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ēþminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ēþmammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ēþmô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ēþmaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*āþmō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>German</lang>
                    <orth>Atem, Odem</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēthma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
