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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-īnaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_īnaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="bookSection" xml:id="kim2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TS9ZHEBM">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">A tale of two suffixes: -h2-, -ih2-, and the evolution of feminine gender in Indo-European</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ronald I.</forename>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <forename>Sergio</forename>
              <surname>Neri</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Roland</forename>
              <surname>Schuhmann</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Studies on the Collective and Feminine in Indo-European from a Diachronic and Typological Perspective</title>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">115–136</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="repansek2016" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/PWLW4DMN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Keltska dediščina v toponimiji jugovzhodnega alpskega prostora [Celtic heritage in the toponymy of the southeastern alpine region</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Luka</forename>
              <surname>Repanšek</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Založba ZRC</publisher>
              <date>2016</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_inos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*īnos</orth>
          <def>of or pertaining to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_inos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>-ινος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-ĭnos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>added to nouns or adverbs to form adjectives relating to material, time; ‘made of, during the time of’</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_nos_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-nós</orth>
          <def type="function">forms verbal adjectives from roots</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_inus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>-īnus</orth>
          <def>of or pertaining to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ina" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>-ईन</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-īna</orth>
          </form>
          <def>relating to, belonging to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_in" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*-inъ</orth>
          <def type="function">forms relative and possessive adjectives from nouns</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_inaz" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-īnaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-īnaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">iː.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛁᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">adj</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>like modern English “-en”; forms adjectives of material from nouns, meaning 'made of (noun)'; forms adjectives or nominalized adjectives pertaining to a thing, as in ‘characteristic of’ the base</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">This prefix is from pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ī-no-s</mentioned>, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ih₂-no-s</mentioned>, a complex appurtenance adjective formation built from the relational/possessive <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ih₂-</mentioned> plus adjectival <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_nos_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_nos_x2">*-nós</ref></mentioned>  <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="20 n. 8">Dunkel 2014: 20 n. 8</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kim2014" n="130–31">Kim 2014: 130–31</bibl>. The suffix can be seen in a broader Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ī-no-</mentioned> type, with cognates such as Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_inus"><ref target="#cog_lat_inus">-īnus</ref></mentioned>, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_inos"><ref target="#cog_grc_inos">-ινος</ref></mentioned>, Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_inos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_inos">*īnos</ref></mentioned>, Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_in"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_in">*-inъ</ref></mentioned>, and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ina"><ref target="#cog_san_ina">-ईन</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="110–14">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 110–14</bibl> <bibl corresp="#repansek2016" n="96–97">Repanšek 2016: 96–97</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īną, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>-īnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>-īnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>-īnaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īniniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īninē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>-īnammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>-īnōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>-īnammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-īn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*-īn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-ijn, -en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-īn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-en</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-en, -in</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-īn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-en</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-īn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-īn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-en, -ern</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-īn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-īn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-inn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-inn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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