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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *īsarną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_īsarną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1esh2r" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁ésh₂r̥</orth>
          <def>blood</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_isarna" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/īsarną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>īsarną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈiː.sɑr.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛁᛊᚨᚱᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>iron</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Borrowed from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1esh2r"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1esh2r">*h₁ésh₂r̥</ref></mentioned> (‘blood’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>īsarną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>īsarnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>īsarną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>īsarnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>īsarnas, īsarnis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>īsarnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>īsarnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>īsarnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>īsarnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>īsarnamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>īsarną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>īsarnō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>iser</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>iezer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>yzer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>iser</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ijzer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>yster</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>insii</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>isiri</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>äize</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>iser, izu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>isir</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>iser</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ijzer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>isri</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Hindustani</lang>
                            <orth>isri</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>isri</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>īsern, īren, īsen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>iren, eren, irne, iron, yse, ysen, yzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>airn, ern, irne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>eeren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>īsern, īren, īsen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>iren, eren, irne, iron, yse, ysen, yzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>iron</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Marshallese</lang>
                          <orth>aen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>īsern</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jaarn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Iersen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>izer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>īsarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>īsern, īser, īsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Iise</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Eisn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Eisen, Eiser</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>ȧjza</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אײַזן (ayzn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>īsarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>īsern, īser, īsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Ieser, Iese, Eise</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Eise</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Eisen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>īsarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>îsen, îsern, îseren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Isen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Iesa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*īsarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>īsarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>îsen, îsern, îseren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Iesen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Iesder</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>járn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ienn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>jarn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>jan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>járn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>járn, jáðn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, jern, jønn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>járn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>jærn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>járn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jærn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>jern</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>jern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>járn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jaͤrn, järn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ísarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ienn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>jarn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>jan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>járn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>járn, jáðn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, jern, jønn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ísarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>jærn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ísarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jærn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>jern</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>jern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ísarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jaͤrn, järn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ienn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>jarn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>jan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>járn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>járn, jáðn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, jern, jønn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>jærn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jærn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>jern</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>jern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>jarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jaͤrn, järn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>éarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ienn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>jarn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>jan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>járn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>járn, jáðn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, jern, jønn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>éarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>jærn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>éarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>jarn, iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jærn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>jern</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>jern</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>éarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iærn, iarn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>jern, jaͤrn, järn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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