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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ōbijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ōbijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ep_x5" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃ep-</orth>
          <def>to work, toil, make; ability, force</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_obijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ōbijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ōbijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɔː.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛟᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to perform, practice</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">The causative-iterative formation to a lost strong verb *afaną, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ep_x5"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ep_x5">*h₃ep-</ref></mentioned> (‘to labor, work’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōbīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōbīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōbijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ōbijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ōbijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ōbijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ōbijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ōbijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōbīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōbīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōbijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ōbidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ōbidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōbidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōbidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōbidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōbidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ōbidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ōbidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ōbidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ōbidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōbidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōbidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōbidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōbidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōbidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōbidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>ōbijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>ōbidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>ōbijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>ēwa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>äiwje, eeuwje</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>ēwa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ōvenia, ōvonia, ōfnia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>oefenje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>jōwa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>äiwje, eeuwje</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>jōwa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ōvenia, ōvonia, ōfnia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>oefenje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>ōbian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>ôven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>øve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>öven</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>øve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>öva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>ōvian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>ôven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>øve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>öven</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>øve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>öva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*uoven</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>oeven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>oeven</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*uoven</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>oeven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>oefenen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>oefenen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>oefen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uoben</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>uoben, üeben, üben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>ieve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>iwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uoben</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>uoben, üeben, üben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>üben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>üben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>üübje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uaben</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>uoben, üeben, üben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>ieve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>iwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uaben</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>uoben, üeben, üben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>üben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>üben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>üübje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uopen</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>uoben, üeben, üben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>ieve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                      <orth>iwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>uopen</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>uoben, üeben, üben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>üben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>üben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>üübje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*œfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>æfa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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