Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary

suffix verb Weak class 2 infinitive form of the weak class 2 verbal suffix; forms chiefly denominative verbs, with meanings such as ‘be X’, ‘act as X’, ‘use X’, ‘provide X’, or ‘perform X’ forms deadjectival and factitive verbs meaning ‘make X’, ‘render X’, or ‘treat as X’ From Early Germanic *-ōjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂-yé/ó-, a denominative present suffix built from *-eh₂-, the suffix of eh₂-stem nouns, plus the verbalizing present suffix *-yé/ó-. Ringe reconstructs the Proto-Germanic vowel as trimoric, *-ôną, reflecting contraction after loss of *j between unstressed vowels Ringe 2017: 199–200, 284–86 Fulk 2018: §§12.40–12.43. The suffix was originally denominative, especially from inherited eh₂-stem nouns, but was reanalyzed in Germanic as an independent class-forming suffix and then extended to other nominal bases and, secondarily, to some verbal bases Ringe 2017: 200. The deadjectival and factitive use is not equally secure. Ringe notes that there may have been a few old factitives in *-eh₂-yé/ó-, such as Proto-Germanic *hulōną beside *hulaz, but the inherited source of Weak class 2 as a whole is denominative Ringe 2017: 200. Relevant Indo-European comparanda include Latin -āre, especially much of the first conjugation, from Proto-Italic *-ā-ye/o- Weiss 2009: 400; Ancient Greek -άω, especially in denominal and factitive ā-contract verbs Weiss 2009: 400; Proto-Celtic ā-presents, with 3rd sg. *-āti < PIE *-eh₂-yé-ti in the denominal type Le Mair 2011: 53–54; and Proto-Slavic *-ati Villanueva Svensson 2023: 168–70.