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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ūdarą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ūdarą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_udhar" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>ऊधर्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ū́dhar</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_udara" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ūdarą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ūdarą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈuː.ðɑ.rɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᛞᚨᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>udder</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₁éwHdʰr̥, *h₁uHdʰ-n- (‘udder’), a paradigmatic variant of *h₁ówHdʰr̥; either reflecting different thematicized derivatives thereof or, according Kroonen, inherited with the ablaut intact (see §Inflection below) but with leveling of the *-r- throughout, with a possible athematic form in *-ur (&lt; PIE *-r̥) having survived long enough to account for the North Germanic reflexes. Cognate with Latin ūber, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_udhar"><ref target="#cog_san_udhar">ऊधर्</ref></mentioned> (ū́dhar).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ūdarą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ūdarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ūdarą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ūdarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ūdaras, ūdaris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ūdarǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ūdarai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ūdaramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ūdarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ūdaramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ūdarą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ūdarō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*eudr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ūdar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>uder, uyder, uider</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>uier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>uier</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*eudr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ūder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>udder, uddyr, iddyr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>udder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>udder, uther, ether</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*eudr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ūder, jāder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Jadder, Jader</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jaar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*eudr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ūter, ūtar, ūtaro, ūtiro, *iutir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ūter, iuter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>autar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Euter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Auder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*eudr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ūder, ioder, ieder, geder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ûder, jeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Jüdder, Jidder, Jadder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*eudr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ūder, ioder, ieder, geder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ûder, jeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>jadder</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūd(a)r</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ūdar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>uder, uyder, uider</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>uier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>uier</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūd(a)r</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ūder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>udder, uddyr, iddyr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>udder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>udder, uther, ether</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūd(a)r</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ūder, jāder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Jadder, Jader</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jaar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūd(a)r</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ūter, ūtar, ūtaro, ūtiro, *iutir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ūter, iuter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>autar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Euter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Auder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūd(a)r</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ūder, ioder, ieder, geder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ûder, jeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Jüdder, Jidder, Jadder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūd(a)r</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ūder, ioder, ieder, geder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ûder, jeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>jadder</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*júðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>juor</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>júgur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>jaur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>júgur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>jur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>ýr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*júðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>ȝowre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>ewer, yure</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>ure, ewer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*júðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>*iūghær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>yver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*júðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iūgher, iūver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>juver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júgr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>juor</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>júgur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>jaur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>júgur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>jur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>ýr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júgr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>ȝowre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>ewer, yure</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>ure, ewer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júgr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>*iūghær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>yver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júgr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iūgher, iūver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>juver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>juor</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>júgur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>jaur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>júgur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>jur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>ýr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>ȝowre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>ewer, yure</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>ure, ewer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>*iūghær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>yver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>júr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>iūgher, iūver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>juver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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