<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ūraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ūraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_uraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ūraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ūraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈuː.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚢᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>aurochs</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain; hypotheses include:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ūraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ūrōz, ūrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ūrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ūranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ūras, ūris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ūrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ūrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ūramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ūrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ūramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ūr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ūrōz, ūrōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ūr, uor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*uur</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>uuros</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ūr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>oure</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ūro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ūr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ur</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ūro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>ūrohso</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>ūrochse</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Auerochse</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>aurochs</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ūro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>ūrohso</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>ūrochse</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>oeros</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>oeros</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ūr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ûr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ur</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ūr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ūr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ûr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ūrosse</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>uroxe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>úrr</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌿𐍂𐍃 (*urs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Latin</lang>
                  <orth>urus</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Ancient Greek</lang>
                    <orth>οὖρος (oûros)</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Catalan</lang>
                    <orth>ur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>ure, urus</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>French</lang>
                    <orth>ure</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Italian</lang>
                    <orth>uro</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>uro</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>uro</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*uros</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*orēs</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
