References

Works cited in the dictionary's etymologies (393 sources), in LSA style, alphabetical by the first author's surname.

Starting at A. Start from the beginning

K

Kroonen, Guus. 2011a. The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology. Rodopi.

Kroonen, Guus. 2011b. Neuniederlandisch zeug ‘Sau’ und spugen ‘speien': zwei Beispiele der westgermanischen Velarisierung? Amsterdamer Beitrage zur alteren Germanistik 67.149–61.

Kroonen, Guus. 2012a. Consonant gradation in the Germanic iterative verbs. The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, ed. by Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, 263–88. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.

Kroonen, Guus. 2012b. Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: Evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis. A linguistic map of prehistoric Northern Europe, ed. by Riho Grünthal and Petri Kallio, 239–60. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.

Kroonen, Guus. 2012c. Reflections on the o/zero-Ablaut in the Germanic iterative verbs. The Indo-European Verb: Proceedings of the Conference of the Society for Indo-European Studies, Los Angeles, 13–15 September 2010, ed. by H. Craig Melchert, 191–200. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11). Brill.

Kroonen, Guus. 2017. The development of the Proto-Indo-European instrumental suffix in Germanic. Indogermanische Forschungen 122.105–10.

Kroonen, Guus. 2024. Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, Methods, Results. A methodological introduction to sub-Indo-European Europe, 1–26. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111337920-001

Kroonen, Guus; Anthony Jakob; Axel I. Palmér; Paulus van Sluis; and Andrew Wigman. 2022. Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages. PLOS ONE 17.0275744.

Kümmel, Martin J. 2011–2026. Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV². Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität. Last modified 16 June 2026.

Kümmel, Martin J. 2016. Das dünkt mich dunkel: Germanische etymologische Probleme. Etymology and the European lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen, ed. by Bjarne Simmelkjær, Sandgaard Hansen, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, and Birgit Anette Olsen, 219–33. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

Kylstra, A. D.; Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo; Tette Hofstra; and Osmo Nikkilä. 2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Vol. Bd. 3: P - Ä. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

L

Le Feuvre, Claire. 2026. *-tero- derivatives from nouns in Indo-European languages: semantics and reconstruction. Thinking Indo-European: Meaning and Form in Historical Linguistics and Comparative Reconstruction, May 19-21, 2026. Milan: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore.

Le Mair, Esther. 2011. Secondary verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish glosses. Galway: dissertation.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1942. The Indo-European dh-Determinative in Germanic. Language 18.125–32.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1986a. A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. Brill.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1986b. A Grammar of Proto-Germanic. University of Texas Press.

Lewis, Charlton T., and Charles Short. 1879. A Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Lexer, Matthias. 1869. Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel.

Liberman, Anatoly. 2016. In prayer and laughter: Essays on medieval Scandinavian and Germanic mythology, literature, and culture. Paleograph Press.

Liberman, Anatoly. 2020. Some of our tools: “awl”. Online: https://blog.oup.com/2020/03/some-of-our-tools-awl

Lindroth, Hjalmar. 1917. Onomatologiska anmärkningar till T. E. Karstens Germanisch-finnische Lehnwortstudien. Namn och bygd 5.19–52.

Lloyd, Albert L., and Rosemarie Lühr. 2007. Etymological Dictionary of Old High German III. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Lloyd, Albert L.; Rosemarie Lühr; and Otto Springer. 1998. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen II. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Online: https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/de

Lloyd, Albert L., and Otto Springer. 1988. Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary. Vol. Vols. 1–5. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Lockwood, W. B. 1974. Faroese bird-name origins (IV). Fróðskaparrit 22, 107–17.

Loma, Aleksandar. 2017. Proto-Indo-European -intro-, -dhro- in Common Slavic? Jezikoslovni zapiski [Linguistic Notes 23.171–97.

Love, Jeffrey; Inger Larsson; and Ulrika Djärv. 2020. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.

Lubotsky, Alexander. 2023. Indo-European and Indo-Iranian wagon terminology and the date of the Indo-Iranian split. The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics, ed. by Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen, and Eske Willerslev, 257–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lühr, Rosemarie. 1989. Zum Sprachtod einer Restsprache: Zwei ausgestorbene Wörter aus der Lex Baiuvariorum. Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3), vol. 3, ed. by Heinrich Beck, 45–68. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Lühr, Rosemarie. 1995. Zur Umfunktionierung von UND und ODER zu Fragesatzpartikeln im Litauischen. Linguistica Baltica 4.119–30.

Lühr, Rosemarie. 2017. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen VI. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Lühr, Rosemarie. 2024. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, vol. VIII. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Luján, Eugenio R. 2019. On Indo-European superlative suffixes. Indogermanische Forschungen 124.305–42.

Luraghi, Silvia. 2009. Indo-European nominal classification: From abstract to feminine. Proceedings of the 20th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, ed. by Stephanie W. Jamison, H. Craig Melchert, and Brent Vine. Bremen: Hempen.

M

Mächler, Patrick. 2017. Zu germ. *ē¹ im Präteritum der germanischen starken Verben. Synchronie und Diachronie Diskussionsforum Linguistik/Bavarian Working Papers in Linguistics 6, 33–59.

Magnússon, Ásgeir Blöndal (ed.) 1989. Íslensk orðsifjabók. Reykjavik: Orðabók Háskólans.

Mailhammer, Robert. 2007. The Germanic strong verbs: foundations and development of a new system. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Majer, Marek. 2021. The Prehistory of the Proto-Slavic Abstract Suffix *-ostь and Its Baltic Congeners. Scando-Slavica 67(2), 203–26.

Mallory, J. P., and D. Q. Adams. 2006. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mallory, James P., and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.) 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

Markey, Thomas L., and Bernard Mees. 2014. Early Nordic alu and al- ‘to nourish’. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1–17.

Martirosyan, Hrach. 2010. Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 8). Brill.

Martzloff, Vincent, and Barbora Machajdíková. 2023. Eichner’s law in Latin, Greek and beyond: Some neglected evidence. Journal of Latin Linguistics 22(1), 81–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/joll-2023-2003

Matasović, Ranko. 2009a. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9). Brill.

Matasović, Ranko. 2009b. A Grammatical Sketch of Classical Armenian. Zagreb.

Matasović, Ranko. 2014. Slavic nominal word-formation: Proto-Indo-European origins and historical development (Empirie und Theorie der Sprachwissenschaft 3). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.

Matasović, Ranko. 2017. Latin presents in -t- and the etymologies of necto ‘to weave, bind’ and flecto ‘to bend, curve’. Pallas 103.37–44.

Matasović, Ranko. 2018. Proto-Slavic *ędro 'kernel, core' and *ědro 'bosom'. Od dvojbe do razdvojbe. Zbornik radova u čast profesorici Branki Tafri.

Matasović, Ranko. 2020. Language of the bird names and the pre-Indo-European substratum. Loanwords and Substrata: Proceedings of the Colloquium Held in Limoges, 5th–7th June 2018, 331–44.