A random entry
*tuppaz
noun · masculine · a-stem
- tuft, plait (of hair)
- top, summit
Recorded in 35 descendant languages Another word →
Dictionary Dashboard
The Proto-Germanic Dictionary in numbers: the words and their forms, the scholarship behind them, the languages they connect to, and how far the work has come. Anything with an arrow or an underline opens the matching entries.
Figures as of · Download all figures as JSON · How things are counted
At a glance
The whole dictionary in a dozen figures.
The lexicon
Headwords
5,317
5,177 single · 140 super entries
Entries
5,462
285 subentries sit inside super entries
Senses
7,365
distinct meanings recorded
Paradigm forms
165,173
123,177 distinct spellings
The evidence
Bibliography
394
works in the bibliography
Citations
2,095
391 works cited in 615 entries
Unique PIE etymons
1,491
cited 2,397 times
Unique cognates
2,990
cited 3,483 times
Cognate languages
68
languages and language stages
The descendants
Descendant languages
448
languages, dialects and historical stages
Descendant forms
131,324
recorded across all descent trees
Entries with descendants
5,355
98.0% of all entries
Entries revised
507
9.3% of all entries
Progress
Revision proceeds alphabetically; everything else fills in behind it.
507 of 5,462 entries have been revised since 10 August 2026.
480 of 5,317 headwords (9.0%) have every one of their entries revised.
Entries last revised, by day
Aug 11
Aug 18
Aug 25
Sep 1
Sep 8
Sep 15
Sep 22
Sep 29
Each entry appears once, on the day of its most recent revision.
Through the alphabet
‑
a
b
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
r
s
t
þ
u
w
Entries by initial letter (diacritics folded; þ follows t; ‑ = suffixes). revised not yet revised
What each entry has so far
- Pronunciation (IPA) 100%
- Runic spelling 100%
- At least one sense 100%
- Paradigm table 95%
- Descendant tree 98%
- Linked etymology (forms or citations) 51%
- A PIE etymon 36%
- A bibliographic citation 11%
Linked etymology, PIE etymon and citation figures rise as each entry is revised.
Grammar
Parts of speech, and inside them the verb classes and stem classes. Click a slice to zoom in.
The interactive chart needs JavaScript; the same breakdown is listed alongside.
Breakdown — open a row to go deeper
-
Noun 2,497
-
unspecified 1
-
neuter 1
-
-
Adverb 89
-
Suffix 79
-
verb-forming 12
-
unspecified 2
-
adverb-forming 6
-
unspecified 6
-
-
numeral-forming 1
-
unspecified 1
-
-
Pronoun 30
-
Numeral 29
-
Prefix 27
-
Preposition 27
-
Determiner 19
-
Conjunction 12
-
Particle 12
-
Stem 1
Noun stem classes and gender
| Stem class | masculine | feminine | neuter | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a-stem | 546 | · | 437 | 983 |
| ō-stem | · | 340 | · | 340 |
| an-stem | 282 | · | 14 | 296 |
| i-stem | 110 | 166 | 3 | 279 |
| ōn-stem | · | 166 | · | 166 |
| ja-stem | 40 | · | 94 | 134 |
| u-stem | 110 | 6 | 4 | 120 |
| consonant stem | 30 | 31 | 5 | 66 |
| īn-stem | · | 51 | · | 51 |
| z-stem | 1 | · | 31 | 32 |
| ī/jō-stem | · | 21 | · | 21 |
| r-stem | 3 | 3 | · | 6 |
| irregular | · | · | 2 | 2 |
| unspecified | · | · | 1 | 1 |
Nouns only. The darker the cell, the more entries; each figure opens the matching entries.
Sources
The scholarship the etymologies rest on.
394works in the bibliography
2,095citations in 615 entries
306scholars credited
2011half of all citations are to work from this year or later
Works by type
Publication decades
1860s
1880s
1900s
1920s
1940s
1960s
1980s
2000s
2020s
Books Articles Book sections Theses Other
Most-cited works
Most-cited scholars
A citation counts for each author of the work (or its editors, if it has no author).
The cited literature runs from Lexer 1869 (Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch) to Le Feuvre 2026 (*-tero- derivatives from nouns in Indo-European languages: semantics and reconstruction).
Comparative evidence
Cognates in other languages and the Proto-Indo-European etyma behind the words.
2,990unique cognates in 68 languages
1,491unique PIE etymons
1,957entries traced to a PIE etymon
1,618entries with cited cognates
Cognates by language — click a language to see its forms
Show the other 48 languages
By branch
What is cited
Choose a language above to see its most-cited cognate forms and the entries they explain.
Most-cited PIE etymons — each opens PIE Etymons search
Descendants
Where the words went: every language, dialect and stage recorded in the descent trees.
448languages, dialects and stages
2,906entries with a descendant in English
893words recorded in all of Gothic, Old Norse, Old English, Old High German
16.3languages per entry, on average
The descent tree — open a branch; bars show entries
Each row counts the entries that have a recorded descendant in that language along that line of descent (e.g. Proto-West Germanic → Old English → Middle English).
-
Proto-West Germanic 3,964
-
Old English 3,249
-
Middle English 2,574
-
English 2,165
-
Dutch 24
-
German 20
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Sranan Tongo 16
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Japanese 15
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Tok Pisin 10
+ 59 smaller varieties
-
-
Scots 1,606
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Yola 256
-
Middle Scots 103
-
Scots 76
+ 1 smaller variety
-
-
Geordie 29
-
Irish 12
+ 24 smaller varieties
-
-
English 73
+ 29 smaller varieties
-
-
Old High German 3,210
-
Middle High German 2,735
-
German 2,235
-
Luxembourgish 39
-
Polish 34
+ 5 smaller varieties
-
Danish 29
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
Saterland Frisian 29
-
English 26
-
Dutch 22
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
Swedish 21
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Esperanto 20
+ 1 smaller variety
-
German Low German 16
-
Russian 16
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
Serbo-Croatian 12
-
Czech 10
-
Low German 10
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 38 smaller varieties
-
-
Luxembourgish 768
-
Yiddish 675
-
English 17
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Alemannic German 447
-
Swabian 22
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Alsatian 13
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Bavarian 379
-
Cimbrian 38
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Mòcheno 18
+ 5 smaller varieties
-
-
Central Franconian 355
-
Luxembourgish 117
-
Hunsrik 66
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
-
Vilamovian 199
-
Cimbrian 185
-
Rhine Franconian 167
-
Pennsylvania German 43
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
-
Hunsrik 161
-
East Central German 67
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
Pennsylvania German 66
-
East Franconian 34
-
Polish 23
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
Swabian 17
-
Middle Low German 13
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
Mòcheno 11
-
Czech 10
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Old Polish 10
+ 3 smaller varieties
+ 44 smaller varieties
-
-
German 64
+ 12 smaller varieties
-
Italian 25
+ 8 smaller varieties
-
Middle Low German 13
+ 9 smaller varieties
+ 52 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Saxon 2,841
-
Middle Low German 2,441
-
Low German 984
-
German Low German 119
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
Dutch Low Saxon 32
-
German 31
-
Westphalian 21
-
Plautdietsch 16
+ 12 smaller varieties
-
-
German Low German 760
-
German 21
+ 2 smaller varieties
+ 19 smaller varieties
-
-
Plautdietsch 404
-
Danish 160
-
Icelandic 11
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
-
Swedish 139
+ 1 smaller variety
-
German 82
+ 12 smaller varieties
-
Norwegian 75
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Norwegian Bokmål 48
-
Dutch Low Saxon 46
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 43
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Old Swedish 43
-
Swedish 42
+ 2 smaller varieties
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Norse 42
-
Icelandic 26
-
Faroese 24
-
Danish 23
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Swedish 19
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Norwegian 16
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 16
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Old Swedish 15
-
Swedish 15
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Norwegian Bokmål 10
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
-
Saterland Frisian 41
-
Faroese 23
-
Estonian 21
-
Icelandic 20
-
Middle High German 20
-
German 17
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 13 smaller varieties
-
-
Westphalian 14
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
West Frisian 13
-
Old Danish 12
-
Danish 11
+ 2 smaller varieties
+ 1 smaller variety
-
-
Gutnish 11
-
Latvian 10
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 25 smaller varieties
-
-
Low German 20
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 20 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Dutch 2,593
-
Middle Dutch 2,502
-
Dutch 2,262
-
Afrikaans 1,083
-
English 11
+ 12 smaller varieties
-
-
Negerhollands 280
-
Virgin Islands Creole 24
-
-
Berbice Creole Dutch 117
-
Jersey Dutch 104
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Sranan Tongo 88
-
Saramaccan 31
-
Caribbean Javanese 24
-
Aukan 17
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
-
Papiamentu 79
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Skepi Creole Dutch 67
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
West Frisian 66
-
Indonesian 55
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Caribbean Javanese 38
-
Aukan 31
-
Javindo 29
-
Petjo 26
-
Saramaccan 25
-
English 15
-
Caribbean Hindustani 12
-
Lokono 10
+ 45 smaller varieties
-
-
Limburgish 664
+ 1 smaller variety
-
West Flemish 91
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Zealandic 31
-
Middle English 27
-
English 23
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Scots 14
+ 1 smaller variety
-
-
English 14
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 24 smaller varieties
-
-
Dutch 11
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Limburgish 10
+ 12 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Frisian 2,096
-
West Frisian 1,532
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
Saterland Frisian 1,349
+ 1 smaller variety
-
North Frisian 451
-
Mooring 11
+ 12 smaller varieties
-
+ 17 smaller varieties
-
-
Old French 137
-
Middle French 82
-
French 72
+ 9 smaller varieties
+ 8 smaller varieties
-
-
Middle English 33
-
English 30
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
French 17
+ 8 smaller varieties
-
Italian 13
+ 4 smaller varieties
+ 20 smaller varieties
-
-
Vulgar Latin 55
-
Old French 27
-
Middle French 17
-
French 13
+ 6 smaller varieties
+ 1 smaller variety
-
-
Middle English 10
+ 3 smaller varieties
+ 11 smaller varieties
-
+ 19 smaller varieties
-
-
Medieval Latin 51
-
Old French 17
+ 5 smaller varieties
-
Italian 10
+ 20 smaller varieties
-
-
Latin 24
+ 16 smaller varieties
-
Late Latin 20
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
Lombardic 20
+ 9 smaller varieties
-
Frankish 19
-
Old Dutch 14
-
Middle Dutch 13
-
Dutch 11
+ 7 smaller varieties
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
-
Middle Dutch 16
-
Dutch 13
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 1 smaller variety
-
-
Middle Low German 16
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
Middle High German 13
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Dutch 12
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 41 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Norse 3,670
-
Icelandic 3,174
+ 10 smaller varieties
-
Faroese 2,025
+ 5 smaller varieties
-
Old Swedish 1,630
-
Swedish 1,477
-
Finnish 27
+ 10 smaller varieties
-
-
Finnish 28
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 14 smaller varieties
-
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 1,249
-
Norwegian Bokmål 93
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
-
Danish 1,166
-
Norwegian Bokmål 276
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 21
-
-
Faroese 17
+ 10 smaller varieties
-
-
Norwegian 898
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 151
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Norwegian Bokmål 144
-
Danish 21
-
Norwegian Bokmål 16
-
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Danish 715
-
Danish 655
-
Norwegian Bokmål 260
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 31
-
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 12
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
-
Scanian 62
-
Norwegian Bokmål 36
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 8 smaller varieties
-
-
Swedish 676
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
Norwegian Bokmål 545
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Gutnish 323
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Elfdalian 322
-
Middle English 231
-
English 195
+ 11 smaller varieties
-
Scots 154
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 11 smaller varieties
-
-
Norn 172
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
Scanian 93
-
Jamtish 74
-
Old Gutnish 65
-
Gutnish 36
-
-
Scots 52
-
English 34
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
Old English 27
-
Middle English 21
-
English 19
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Scots 16
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
+ 1 smaller variety
-
-
Old French 20
-
Middle French 13
-
French 12
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
+ 8 smaller varieties
-
-
Dalian 13
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Finnish 12
-
Middle Low German 12
+ 8 smaller varieties
-
Middle Norwegian 12
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 10
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
-
Norman 12
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Old East Norse 10
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
Scottish Gaelic 10
+ 54 smaller varieties
-
-
Gothic 1,760
-
Latin 19
+ 12 smaller varieties
-
Proto-Slavic 18
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
Galician 17
-
Spanish 16
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Portuguese 14
-
Vulgar Latin 12
+ 18 smaller varieties
+ 16 smaller varieties
-
-
Old English 618
-
Middle English 373
-
English 303
+ 14 smaller varieties
-
Scots 190
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Yola 14
+ 5 smaller varieties
-
-
English 17
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Old High German 552
-
Middle High German 426
-
German 334
-
Polish 10
+ 6 smaller varieties
+ 32 smaller varieties
-
-
Luxembourgish 93
-
Yiddish 61
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Cimbrian 28
-
Bavarian 22
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Hunsrik 22
-
Vilamovian 15
-
Alemannic German 13
-
Central Franconian 13
+ 2 smaller varieties
+ 19 smaller varieties
-
-
German 19
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 15 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Saxon 398
-
Middle Low German 300
-
Low German 103
+ 11 smaller varieties
-
German Low German 81
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Swedish 28
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Plautdietsch 27
-
Danish 24
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
German 13
-
Norwegian 13
+ 3 smaller varieties
+ 19 smaller varieties
-
+ 8 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Dutch 332
-
Middle Dutch 312
-
Dutch 269
-
Afrikaans 114
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Negerhollands 16
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 21 smaller varieties
-
-
Limburgish 32
+ 10 smaller varieties
-
+ 5 smaller varieties
-
-
Proto-Finnic 322
-
Finnish 53
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
Estonian 26
-
Karelian 16
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Ingrian 14
-
Votic 11
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Veps 10
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Frisian 272
-
West Frisian 138
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Saterland Frisian 125
-
North Frisian 38
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
-
Proto-Norse 253
-
Old Norse 232
-
Icelandic 214
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
Faroese 181
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Old Swedish 161
-
Swedish 147
+ 2 smaller varieties
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Norwegian Nynorsk 121
-
Norwegian Bokmål 11
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
-
Old Danish 86
-
Danish 82
-
Norwegian Bokmål 44
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Scanian 12
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Danish 75
-
Norwegian Bokmål 26
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 1 smaller variety
-
-
Norwegian 50
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
Norwegian Bokmål 41
-
Elfdalian 35
-
Gutnish 25
-
Swedish 23
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Middle English 22
-
English 19
-
Scots 14
+ 1 smaller variety
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
-
Norn 22
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Old Gutnish 16
+ 1 smaller variety
-
Jamtish 12
-
English 11
+ 3 smaller varieties
+ 24 smaller varieties
-
-
Proto-Samic 18
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Proto-Finnic 13
+ 9 smaller varieties
-
-
Proto-Samic 173
-
Northern Sami 10
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
-
Latin 76
-
English 11
+ 19 smaller varieties
-
-
Crimean Gothic 54
-
Vandalic 30
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
Finnish 27
-
Frankish 25
-
Old Dutch 16
-
Middle Dutch 14
-
Dutch 12
+ 4 smaller varieties
+ 4 smaller varieties
-
+ 1 smaller variety
-
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
-
Proto-Slavic 23
+ 7 smaller varieties
-
Middle Dutch 22
-
Dutch 13
+ 3 smaller varieties
-
-
Middle High German 20
+ 5 smaller varieties
-
German 18
-
Dutch 17
-
Middle Low German 17
+ 6 smaller varieties
-
Norwegian 17
-
Ancient Greek 14
+ 2 smaller varieties
-
English 11
+ 66 smaller lines of descent
Languages with the most entries
All 448 languages
- Proto-West Germanic 3,964
- Old Norse 3,953
- Old English 3,883
- Old High German 3,767
- Icelandic 3,484
- Old Saxon 3,239
- Middle High German 3,212
- Middle English 3,153
- Old Dutch 2,960
- English 2,906
- Middle Dutch 2,902
- German 2,824
- Middle Low German 2,805
- Dutch 2,708
- Swedish 2,609
- Old Frisian 2,375
- Faroese 2,302
- Danish 2,294
- Scots 2,120
- Old Swedish 1,888
- Gothic 1,764
- West Frisian 1,752
- Norwegian Nynorsk 1,651
- Saterland Frisian 1,562
- Norwegian Bokmål 1,474
- Afrikaans 1,237
- Low German 1,145
- Norwegian 1,101
- Luxembourgish 1,029
- German Low German 995
- Old Danish 846
- Yiddish 758
- Limburgish 721
- North Frisian 499
- Plautdietsch 468
- Alemannic German 466
- Gutnish 419
- Bavarian 410
- Elfdalian 389
- Central Franconian 376
- Proto-Finnic 334
- Old French 300
- Negerhollands 300
- Yola 283
- French 271
- Cimbrian 260
- Hunsrik 259
- Proto-Norse 253
- Vilamovian 220
- Finnish 208
- Norn 203
- Proto-Samic 197
- Middle French 193
- Scanian 185
- Rhine Franconian 173
- Latin 145
- Italian 143
- Berbice Creole Dutch 124
- Middle Scots 120
- Pennsylvania German 119
- Jersey Dutch 117
- Sranan Tongo 110
- Polish 108
- Spanish 101
- Medieval Latin 99
- West Flemish 99
- Jamtish 89
- Old Gutnish 87
- Dutch Low Saxon 87
- Papiamentu 85
- Portuguese 83
- Vulgar Latin 81
- Russian 75
- Estonian 72
- Skepi Creole Dutch 71
- East Central German 70
- Galician 68
- Caribbean Javanese 64
- Irish 61
- Saramaccan 61
- Indonesian 59
- Catalan 58
- Aukan 56
- Crimean Gothic 54
- Proto-Slavic 48
- Westphalian 47
- Frankish 44
- Czech 42
- Swabian 41
- Esperanto 40
- Serbo-Croatian 38
- Norman 37
- Welsh 37
- East Franconian 36
- Scottish Gaelic 36
- Geordie 36
- Ukrainian 35
- Late Latin 34
- Occitan 34
- Vandalic 34
- Zealandic 33
- Mòcheno 32
- Northern Sami 30
- Javindo 30
- Old East Norse 27
- Petjo 27
- Lombardic 26
- Virgin Islands Creole 26
- Japanese 25
- Old Occitan 25
- Belarusian 25
- Latvian 23
- Ingrian 23
- Ancient Greek 22
- Slovak 22
- Old West Norse 21
- Old Polish 21
- Caribbean Hindustani 21
- Karelian 21
- Romanian 21
- Hungarian 20
- Greenlandic 18
- Kashubian 18
- Walloon 18
- Silesian 18
- Middle Norwegian 17
- Votic 17
- Alsatian 17
- Kölsch 17
- Old Galician-Portuguese 17
- Middle Irish 16
- Slovene 16
- Old East Slavic 15
- Anglo-Norman 15
- Ido 15
- Lithuanian 15
- Lokono 15
- Piedmontese 15
- Russenorsk 14
- Sylt 14
- Old Irish 13
- Dalian 13
- Bulgarian 13
- Livonian 13
- Sicilian 13
- Kildin Sami 12
- Lower Sorbian 12
- Asturian 12
- Southern Sami 12
- Tok Pisin 12
- Old Northern French 11
- Picard 11
- Early Scots 11
- Veps 11
- Mooring 11
- Old Spanish 11
- Lombard 11
- Polabian 11
- Early Medieval Latin 10
- Old Ruthenian 10
- Kwinti 10
- Manx 10
- Zulu 10
- Venetan 10
- Albanian 10
- Middle Welsh 10
- Greek 9
- Old Church Slavonic 9
- Palatine German 9
- Inari Sami 9
- Lule Sami 9
- Burgundian 9
- Macedonian 9
- Korean 8
- Jutish 8
- East Frisian 8
- Livvi 8
- Old Czech 7
- Old Italian 7
- Föhr-Amrum 7
- Northern Middle English 7
- Cornish 7
- Fiji Hindi 7
- Ludian 7
- Walser 7
- Maltese 7
- Sotho 7
- Chinese 6
- Carpathian Rusyn 6
- Munsee 6
- Silesian East Central German 6
- Slovincian 6
- Hallig 6
- Skolt Sami 6
- Ume Sami 6
- Upper Saxon German 6
- Xhosa 6
- Armenian 6
- Azerbaijani 6
- Javanese 6
- Ostrobothnian 6
- Transylvanian Saxon 6
- Swazi 5
- Proto-Celtic 5
- East Germanic 5
- Marshallese 5
- Middle Danish 5
- Eastern Samic 5
- Fanagalo 5
- Helsingian 5
- Switzerland German 5
- Tamil 5
- Western Samic 5
- Breton 5
- Georgian 5
- North Karelian 5
- Paderbornisch 5
- Suevic 5
- Turkish 5
- Udinese 5
- Võro 5
- Proto-Brythonic 4
- Emilian 4
- Föhr 4
- Heligoland 4
- Hessian 4
- Malay 4
- Maori 4
- Pite Sami 4
- Ter Sami 4
- Bourguignon 4
- Dalecarlian 4
- Italian Walser 4
- Old Catalan 4
- Smalandian 4
- South Karelian 4
- Trió 4
- Upper Sorbian 4
- Vietnamese 4
- East Slavic 3
- Pannonian Rusyn 3
- Solombala English 3
- Hawaiian 3
- Low Prussian 3
- Persian 3
- South Slavic 3
- Westmünsterländisch 3
- Chichewa 3
- Finnic 3
- Franco-Provençal 3
- Friulian 3
- Hebrew 3
- Jamaican Creole 3
- Ladin 3
- Ladino 3
- Mahican 3
- Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin 3
- Northumbrian 3
- Sathmar Swabian 3
- Sorbian 3
- Swiss German 3
- Tswana 3
- Sami 2
- Italo-Romance 2
- Old Norwegian 2
- West Slavic 2
- Anglo-Latin 2
- Bourbonnais-Berrichon 2
- Byzantine Greek 2
- East Westphalian 2
- Hallandian 2
- Latgalian 2
- Ravensbergisch-Lippisch 2
- Sauerländisch 2
- Unserdeutsch 2
- Yakut 2
- Arabic 2
- Aragonese 2
- Aromanian 2
- Australian Kriol 2
- Basque 2
- Betawi 2
- Bislama 2
- Bökingharde 2
- Corsican 2
- Fering 2
- Fingallian 2
- Franc-Comtois 2
- Halunder 2
- Hianzisch 2
- Kazakh 2
- Kven 2
- Leonese 2
- Middle Breton 2
- Middle Cornish 2
- Münsterländisch 2
- Neapolitan 2
- Nilandian 2
- Old Breton 2
- Old Leonese 2
- Old Slovak 2
- Old Welsh 2
- Older Danish 2
- Ossetian 2
- Peranakan Indonesian 2
- Proto-Albanian 2
- Romagnol 2
- Southern Ndebele 2
- Sundanese 2
- Torres Strait Creole 2
- Unami 2
- Uzbek 2
- Venda 2
- Volga German 2
- Warao 2
- Wayana 2
- Zipser German 2
- Öömrang 2
- Lorraine Franconian 1
- Gallo-Romance 1
- Thai 1
- Early Modern Danish 1
- North Germanic 1
- Northern Gallo-Romance 1
- Romance 1
- West Old Norse 1
- Amharic 1
- Balinese 1
- East Frisian Low Saxon 1
- Fwe 1
- Iberian 1
- Middle Central Franconian 1
- Middle Rhine Franconian 1
- Old Central Franconian 1
- Old Rhine Franconian 1
- Parthian 1
- Proto-Finno-Ugric 1
- Salian Frankish 1
- Suerländer-Märkisch 1
- Toba Batak 1
- Abkhaz 1
- Akawaio 1
- Akkala Sami 1
- Akolet 1
- Ambonese Malay 1
- Antillean Creole 1
- Apetlonerisch 1
- Balkan Romance 1
- Bengali 1
- Bergish 1
- Biak 1
- Britten 1
- Cebuano 1
- Central Middle High German 1
- Chamicuro 1
- Chuukese 1
- Classical Mandaic 1
- Classical Syriac 1
- Early Modern English 1
- Early Modern German 1
- Early New High German 1
- Early Norwegian Bokmål 1
- Early Old English 1
- East Danish 1
- East Old Norse 1
- Eastern Romance 1
- Erzgebirgisch 1
- Even 1
- Finland Swedish 1
- Flemish 1
- Frankfurterisch 1
- Frisian 1
- Gallo-Italic 1
- Gaulish 1
- Gottscheerish 1
- Gulf Arabic 1
- Hamburgisch 1
- Hawaiian Creole 1
- Helgoland 1
- Hokkien 1
- Hunnic 1
- Iban 1
- Ingush 1
- Interlingua 1
- Jersey Norman 1
- Komi-Permyak 1
- Komi-Zyrian 1
- Kukkuzi 1
- Langobardic 1
- Later Middle English 1
- Later Old West Norse 1
- Ligurian 1
- Loup A 1
- Luserna 1
- Madurese 1
- Malayalam 1
- Manado Malay 1
- Mandarin 1
- Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 1
- Meänkieli 1
- Mishnaic Hebrew 1
- Mohegan-Pequot 1
- Mora 1
- Münsterland 1
- Münsterländer 1
- Navajo 1
- North Goesharde 1
- Northern Low Saxon 1
- Northern Scots 1
- Nǀuu 1
- Old Bothnian 1
- Old Bourgignon 1
- Old Cornish 1
- Old East Scandinavian 1
- Old Hungarian 1
- Old Novgorodian 1
- Ottoman Turkish 1
- Padanian 1
- Paderborn 1
- Pemon 1
- Picard Old French 1
- Pijin 1
- Pitcairn-Norfolk 1
- Pre-Old English 1
- Proto-Permic 1
- Quenya 1
- Ripuarian 1
- Sardinian 1
- Sauerland 1
- Sauerland Low German 1
- Sette Comuni 1
- Sette Comuni Cimbrian 1
- Shetland Norn 1
- Shona 1
- Southern Gallo-Romance 1
- Southern Middle English 1
- Swahili 1
- Telugu 1
- Teochew 1
- Tsonga 1
- Turkmen 1
- Udmurt 1
- Viennese 1
- Volapük 1
- Volhynian German 1
- Wangerooge Frisian 1
- West Iberian 1
- Westrobothnian 1
Widest-travelled words
Lexicon
The shape of the word list: sound, meaning, and the words other entries lean on.
Syllables per word
150
1
2,363
2
1,725
3
951
4
107
5
8
6
Headwords by syllable count, from their stored pronunciation. The average is 2.72.
Senses per entry
3,935
1
1,208
2
276
3
32
4
9
5
1
6
1
7
Most entries have one or two senses. The most polysemous is *haiduz (7).
Most-referenced headwords
Counted by how many other entries link to the word from their etymology.
Most-referenced affixes
Morphology
The stored inflection tables.
165,173stored paradigm forms
123,177distinct spellings
5,213entries with a paradigm (95.4%)
5,437cells that give alternative spellings
Forms by part of speech
Forms by kind
Look up any form in the Form Analyzer, or build one with the Form Finder.
Research topics
How many etymologies discuss a given topic. Each figure opens the matching Etymology Search.
Sound laws
Word formation
Origins and contact
Counts are entries whose etymology text mentions the term; they are a guide to where to look, not a tally of analyses.
Curiosities
Records, and a random word to wander into.
Longest recorded chain
9 steps
Gothic → Late Latin → Old Occitan → Old French → Anglo-Norman → Old Irish → Middle Irish → Scots → Scottish Gaelic
Most-cited work
Kroonen 2013
339 citations in 289 entries
Oldest work cited
Lexer 1869
Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch
How things are counted
- Headword, entry, super entry
- A headword is one citable Proto-Germanic form. Most headwords have a single entry; a super entry groups the separate entries (subentries) of a homograph, e.g. a noun and a preposition sharing one form.
- Revised entries
- An entry counts as revised once its record has been reviewed and saved since 10 August 2026. Entries not yet revised are still in their first-draft form; the counts below that depend on linked etymologies (cognates, etymons, citations) grow as revision proceeds.
- Unique cognates and etymons
- Distinct forms, counted once however often they are cited, that are linked from at least one etymology. “Etymons” are reconstructed Proto-Indo-European forms; “cognates” are attested or reconstructed forms in other languages.
- Cognate languages
- Languages and language stages (by language code) with at least one cited cognate.
- Bibliography and citations
- Works in the bibliography, and the number of times an etymology cites one of them through a linked citation. A work is credited to its authors, or to its editors when it has no personal author.
- Descendant languages
- Distinct languages, dialects and historical stages recorded anywhere in the descendant trees. Spelling variants of one name are merged; the source language (Proto-Germanic) is not counted.
- Paradigm forms
- Stored cells of inflection tables. Distinct forms counts each written spelling once, however many cells or entries share it and treating written alternatives (e.g. wulfōz, wulfōs) separately.
- Syllables
- Counted from the stored pronunciation of headwords that have a single pronunciation.