References
Works cited in the dictionary's etymologies (391 sources), in LSA style, alphabetical by the first author's surname.
Starting at C. Start from the beginning
K
Kölligan, Daniel. 2022. From ‘throat’ to ‘self’? A note on the development of reflexive markers and Armenian anjn. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 74(2), 41–60.
Kölligan, Daniel. 2024. ON jóð n. ‘new born child, descendant’. Richerche Linguistiche 1.225–32.
Kölligan, Daniel. 2025. Thoughts on *h₁nedʰ-. Handout presented at the 44th East Coast Indo-European Conference, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 20–22 June 2025.
Kostopoulos, Georgios. 2025. Evidence for vowel nasalization in early Greek. Indo-European Linguistics 13(1), 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22125892-bja10038
Krahe, Hans, and Wolfgang Meid. 1969. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre. Walter de Gruyter.
Krause, Wolfgang. 1966. Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Krause, Wolfgang. 1971. Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
Kroonen, Guus. 2011a. The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology. Rodopi.
Kroonen, Guus. 2011b. Neuniederlandisch zeug ‘Sau’ und spugen ‘speien': zwei Beispiele der westgermanischen Velarisierung? Amsterdamer Beitrage zur alteren Germanistik 67.149–61.
Kroonen, Guus. 2012a. Consonant gradation in the Germanic iterative verbs. The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, ed. by Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, 263–88. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
Kroonen, Guus. 2012b. Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: Evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis. A linguistic map of prehistoric Northern Europe, ed. by Riho Grünthal and Petri Kallio, 239–60. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Kroonen, Guus. 2012c. Reflections on the o/zero-Ablaut in the Germanic iterative verbs. The Indo-European Verb: Proceedings of the Conference of the Society for Indo-European Studies, Los Angeles, 13–15 September 2010, ed. by H. Craig Melchert, 191–200. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11). Brill.
Kroonen, Guus. 2017. The development of the Proto-Indo-European instrumental suffix in Germanic. Indogermanische Forschungen 122.105–10.
Kroonen, Guus. 2024. Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, Methods, Results. A methodological introduction to sub-Indo-European Europe, 1–26. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111337920-001
Kroonen, Guus; Anthony Jakob; Axel I. Palmér; Paulus van Sluis; and Andrew Wigman. 2022. Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages. PLOS ONE 17.0275744.
Kümmel, Martin J. 2011–2026. Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV². Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität. Last modified 16 June 2026.
Kümmel, Martin J. 2016. Das dünkt mich dunkel: Germanische etymologische Probleme. Etymology and the European lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen, ed. by Bjarne Simmelkjær, Sandgaard Hansen, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, and Birgit Anette Olsen, 219–33. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
Kylstra, A. D.; Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo; Tette Hofstra; and Osmo Nikkilä. 2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Vol. Bd. 3: P - Ä. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
L
Le Feuvre, Claire. 2026. *-tero- derivatives from nouns in Indo-European languages: semantics and reconstruction. Thinking Indo-European: Meaning and Form in Historical Linguistics and Comparative Reconstruction, May 19-21, 2026. Milan: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore.
Le Mair, Esther. 2011. Secondary verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish glosses. Galway: dissertation.
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1942. The Indo-European dh-Determinative in Germanic. Language 18.125–32.
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1986a. A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. Brill.
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1986b. A Grammar of Proto-Germanic. University of Texas Press.
Lewis, Charlton T., and Charles Short. 1879. A Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lexer, Matthias. 1869. Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel.
Liberman, Anatoly. 2016. In prayer and laughter: Essays on medieval Scandinavian and Germanic mythology, literature, and culture. Paleograph Press.
Liberman, Anatoly. 2020. Some of our tools: “awl”. Online: https://blog.oup.com/2020/03/some-of-our-tools-awl
Lindroth, Hjalmar. 1917. Onomatologiska anmärkningar till T. E. Karstens Germanisch-finnische Lehnwortstudien. Namn och bygd 5.19–52.
Lloyd, Albert L., and Rosemarie Lühr. 2007. Etymological Dictionary of Old High German III. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Lloyd, Albert L.; Rosemarie Lühr; and Otto Springer. 1998. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen II. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Online: https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/de
Lloyd, Albert L., and Otto Springer. 1988. Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary. Vol. Vols. 1–5. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Lockwood, W. B. 1974. Faroese bird-name origins (IV). Fróðskaparrit 22, 107–17.
Loma, Aleksandar. 2017. Proto-Indo-European -intro-, -dhro- in Common Slavic? Jezikoslovni zapiski [Linguistic Notes 23.171–97.
Love, Jeffrey; Inger Larsson; and Ulrika Djärv. 2020. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.
Lubotsky, Alexander. 2023. Indo-European and Indo-Iranian wagon terminology and the date of the Indo-Iranian split. The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics, ed. by Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen, and Eske Willerslev, 257–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lühr, Rosemarie. 1989. Zum Sprachtod einer Restsprache: Zwei ausgestorbene Wörter aus der Lex Baiuvariorum. Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3), vol. 3, ed. by Heinrich Beck, 45–68. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Lühr, Rosemarie. 1995. Zur Umfunktionierung von UND und ODER zu Fragesatzpartikeln im Litauischen. Linguistica Baltica 4.119–30.
Lühr, Rosemarie. 2017. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen VI. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Lühr, Rosemarie. 2024. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, vol. VIII. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Luján, Eugenio R. 2019. On Indo-European superlative suffixes. Indogermanische Forschungen 124.305–42.
Luraghi, Silvia. 2009. Indo-European nominal classification: From abstract to feminine. Proceedings of the 20th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, ed. by Stephanie W. Jamison, H. Craig Melchert, and Brent Vine. Bremen: Hempen.
M
Mächler, Patrick. 2017. Zu germ. *ē¹ im Präteritum der germanischen starken Verben. Synchronie und Diachronie Diskussionsforum Linguistik/Bavarian Working Papers in Linguistics 6, 33–59.
Magnússon, Ásgeir Blöndal (ed.) 1989. Íslensk orðsifjabók. Reykjavik: Orðabók Háskólans.
Mailhammer, Robert. 2007. The Germanic strong verbs: foundations and development of a new system. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Majer, Marek. 2021. The Prehistory of the Proto-Slavic Abstract Suffix *-ostь and Its Baltic Congeners. Scando-Slavica 67(2), 203–26.
Mallory, J. P., and D. Q. Adams. 2006. The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mallory, James P., and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.) 1997. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
Markey, Thomas L., and Bernard Mees. 2014. Early Nordic alu and al- ‘to nourish’. Journal of Indo-European Studies, 1–17.
Martirosyan, Hrach. 2010. Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 8). Brill.