References

H

Heidermanns, Frank. 1993. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica 33). Walter de Gruyter.

Heidermanns, Frank. 2002. Nominal Composition in Sabellic and Proto-Italic. Transactions of the Philological Society 100.185–202.

Herzenberg, L. G. 2011. Studies in Persian Etymology I. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana 7(1), 201–24.

Hirt, Hermann. 1931. Handbuch des Urgermanischen. Vol. 3. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung.

Hock, Wolfgang; Elvira-Julia Bukevičiūtė; Christiane Schiller; Rainer Fecht; Anna Helene Feulner; Eugen Hill; and Dagmar S. Wodtko. 2020. Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW), version 2.0. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

Hoenigswald, Henry M. 1985. From plain to worse. Sprachwissenschaftliche Forschungen: Festschrift für Johann Knobloch zum 65. Geburtstag, 167–70.

Höfler, Stefan. 2018. A look over Lat. umerus ‘shoulder’. Proceedings of the 29th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, 129–46.

Höfler, Stefan. 2023. How to pull a wagon in Indo-European. Indogermanische Forschungen 128.83–124. Online: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/if-2023-0004/html. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/if-2023-0004

Holopainen, Sampsa. 2025. Studies in early Indo-European loans in Uralic part II. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 101, 83–111.

Holthausen, Ferdinand. 1967. Altsächsisches Wörterbuch. 2nd edn. (Niederdeutsche Studien 1.). Cologne & Graz: Böhlau Verlag.

Hummer, Hans J. 1998. The fluidity of barbarian identity: the ethnogenesis of Alemanni and Suebi, AD 200±500. Early Medieval Europe 7.1–27.

I

Igartua, Iván. 2014. The Indo-European adjectival class with the suffix -lo- and its development in Slavic. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 42.302–31.

Imer, Lisbeth M., and Morten Søvsø. 2023. A ceramic beaker with runes – the archaeological and linguistic context of the word alu. Germania 100, 109–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/ger.2022.99115

Irslinger, Britta S. 2002. Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter.

J

Jakob, Anthony. 2024. A history of East Baltic through language contact. Leiden Studies in Indo-European 24. Leiden & Boston: Brill.

Jamison, Stephanie W. 1983. Function and form in the-áya-formations of the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Jasanoff, Jay. 1978. Stative and Middle in Indo-European (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 23). Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.

Jasanoff, Jay. 2003. Hittite and the Indo-European Verb. Oxford University Press.

Jasanoff, Jay H. 1973. The Germanic Third Weak Class. Language 49.850–70. Online: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0097850773016231/type/journal_article. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/412065

Jasanoff, Jay H. 2002. The nom. sg. of Germanic n-stems. Verba et litteræ: Explorations in Germanic languages and German literature, ed. by Alfred R. Wedel and Hans-Jörg Busch, 31–46. Newark, DE: Linguatext.

Johnsen, Sverre S. 2005a. The Germanic (i)jō-stem declension: Origin and development. Master’s thesis.

Johnsen, Sverre S. 2005b. The historical derivation of Gothic aba and its n-stem anomalies. Historische Sprachforschung 118.251–62.

Jones, Mark J. 2002. More on the “instability” of interdental fricatives: Gothic þliuhan ‘flee’ and Old English flēon ‘flee’ revisited. WORD 53.1–8.

Jónsson, Finnur. 1932. De gamle Eddadigte. København: G. E. C. Gads Forlag.

Junttila, Santeri; Sampsa Holopainen; Petri Kallio; Juha Kuokkala; and Juho Pystynen (eds.) 2020–. Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja (EVE). Helsinki. Online: https://sanat.csc.fi/wiki/EVE%3Aolut

K

Kahl, Lukas. 2024. Diachronic studies in Indo-European degree morphology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Doctoral dissertation.

Katz, Joshua T. 2005. To turn a blind eel. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, ed. by Karlene Jones-Bley, Martin E. Huld, Angela Della Volpe, and Miriam R. Dexter, 317–51. Los Angeles: Helmut Buske Verlag.

Kent, Roland G. 1989. Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon. New Haven, Conn: American Oriental Soc.

Kieckers, Ernst. 1960. Handbuch der vergleichenden gotischen Grammatik. Max Hueber Verlag.

Kim, Ronald I. 2014. A tale of two suffixes: -h2-, -ih2-, and the evolution of feminine gender in Indo-European. Studies on the Collective and Feminine in Indo-European from a Diachronic and Typological Perspective, ed. by Sergio Neri and Roland Schuhmann, 115–36. Brill.

Kim, Ronald I. 2024. A lonely monk? Armenian evidence for the pattern of Greek πατήρ : εὐπάτωρ. Studies in Armenian Grammar and Lexicon: Proceedings of the Workshop on Armenian Linguistics, Würzburg, 4–5 April 2022, 57–96, ed. by Petr Kocharov and Daniel Kölligan. Dettelbach: J.H. Röll.

Klaeber, Frederick. 2008. Klaeber's Beowulf, Fourth Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division.

Klein, Jared; Brian Joseph; and Matthias Fritz. 2017. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.

Klimp, Jenne. 2013. Remnants of r/n-Stem Heteroclite Inflection in Germanic. Unpublished thesis.

Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5). Brill.

Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2013. Indo-European nominal ablaut patterns: The Anatolian evidence. Indo-European Accent and Ablaut, ed. by Götz Keydana, Paul Widmer, and Thomas Olander, 107–28. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.

Kloekhorst, Alwin, and Alexander M. Lubotsky. 2026. Indo-European consonant clusters and the Glottalic Theory. The Reconstruction of Indo-European Stop Systems: From the Traditional Model to Glottalic Theories, ed. by Tijmen C. Pronk, 132–44. Leiden - Boston: De Gruyter Brill-Rodopi.

Kluge, Friedrich. 1899. Nominale Stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen Dialekte. Max Niemayer.

Kluge, Friedrich, and Elmar Seebold. 1989. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Walter de Gruyter.

Köbler, Gerhard. 2014. Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch. Online: https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ahdwbhin.html Accessed 2026-09-16.

Koch, John T. 2020. CELTO-GERMANIC Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru. Online: https://www.academia.edu/44802752/CELTO_GERMANIC_Later_Prehistory_and_Post_Proto_Indo_European_vocabulary_in_the_North_and_West

Kölligan, Daniel. 2022. From ‘throat’ to ‘self’? A note on the development of reflexive markers and Armenian anjn. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 74(2), 41–60.

Kölligan, Daniel. 2024. ON jóð n. ‘new born child, descendant’. Richerche Linguistiche 1.225–32.

Kölligan, Daniel. 2025. Thoughts on *h₁nedʰ-. Handout presented at the 44th East Coast Indo-European Conference, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 20–22 June 2025.

Kostopoulos, Georgios. 2025. Evidence for vowel nasalization in early Greek. Indo-European Linguistics 13(1), 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22125892-bja10038

Krahe, Hans, and Wolfgang Meid. 1969. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre. Walter de Gruyter.

Krause, Wolfgang. 1966. Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Krause, Wolfgang. 1971. Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

Kroonen, Guus. 2011a. The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology. Rodopi.

Kroonen, Guus. 2011b. Neuniederlandisch zeug ‘Sau’ und spugen ‘speien': zwei Beispiele der westgermanischen Velarisierung? Amsterdamer Beitrage zur alteren Germanistik 67.149–61.