References

Works cited in the dictionary's etymologies (391 sources), in LSA style, alphabetical by the first author's surname.

Starting at G. Start from the beginning

K

Kim, Ronald I. 2014. A tale of two suffixes: -h2-, -ih2-, and the evolution of feminine gender in Indo-European. Studies on the Collective and Feminine in Indo-European from a Diachronic and Typological Perspective, ed. by Sergio Neri and Roland Schuhmann, 115–36. Brill.

Kim, Ronald I. 2024. A lonely monk? Armenian evidence for the pattern of Greek πατήρ : εὐπάτωρ. Studies in Armenian Grammar and Lexicon: Proceedings of the Workshop on Armenian Linguistics, Würzburg, 4–5 April 2022, 57–96, ed. by Petr Kocharov and Daniel Kölligan. Dettelbach: J.H. Röll.

Klaeber, Frederick. 2008. Klaeber's Beowulf, Fourth Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division.

Klein, Jared; Brian Joseph; and Matthias Fritz. 2017. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.

Klimp, Jenne. 2013. Remnants of r/n-Stem Heteroclite Inflection in Germanic. Unpublished thesis.

Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2008. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5). Brill.

Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2013. Indo-European nominal ablaut patterns: The Anatolian evidence. Indo-European Accent and Ablaut, ed. by Götz Keydana, Paul Widmer, and Thomas Olander, 107–28. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.

Kloekhorst, Alwin, and Alexander M. Lubotsky. 2026. Indo-European consonant clusters and the Glottalic Theory. The Reconstruction of Indo-European Stop Systems: From the Traditional Model to Glottalic Theories, ed. by Tijmen C. Pronk, 132–44. Leiden - Boston: De Gruyter Brill-Rodopi.

Kluge, Friedrich. 1899. Nominale Stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen Dialekte. Max Niemayer.

Kluge, Friedrich, and Elmar Seebold. 1989. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Walter de Gruyter.

Köbler, Gerhard. 2014. Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch. Online: https://www.koeblergerhard.de/ahdwbhin.html Accessed 2026-09-16.

Koch, John T. 2020. CELTO-GERMANIC Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru. Online: https://www.academia.edu/44802752/CELTO_GERMANIC_Later_Prehistory_and_Post_Proto_Indo_European_vocabulary_in_the_North_and_West

Kölligan, Daniel. 2022. From ‘throat’ to ‘self’? A note on the development of reflexive markers and Armenian anjn. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 74(2), 41–60.

Kölligan, Daniel. 2024. ON jóð n. ‘new born child, descendant’. Richerche Linguistiche 1.225–32.

Kölligan, Daniel. 2025. Thoughts on *h₁nedʰ-. Handout presented at the 44th East Coast Indo-European Conference, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 20–22 June 2025.

Kostopoulos, Georgios. 2025. Evidence for vowel nasalization in early Greek. Indo-European Linguistics 13(1), 1–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22125892-bja10038

Krahe, Hans, and Wolfgang Meid. 1969. Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre. Walter de Gruyter.

Krause, Wolfgang. 1966. Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Krause, Wolfgang. 1971. Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

Kroonen, Guus. 2011a. The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology. Rodopi.

Kroonen, Guus. 2011b. Neuniederlandisch zeug ‘Sau’ und spugen ‘speien': zwei Beispiele der westgermanischen Velarisierung? Amsterdamer Beitrage zur alteren Germanistik 67.149–61.

Kroonen, Guus. 2012a. Consonant gradation in the Germanic iterative verbs. The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, Phonemics, and Morphophonemics, ed. by Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, 263–88. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.

Kroonen, Guus. 2012b. Non-Indo-European root nouns in Germanic: Evidence in support of the Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis. A linguistic map of prehistoric Northern Europe, ed. by Riho Grünthal and Petri Kallio, 239–60. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.

Kroonen, Guus. 2012c. Reflections on the o/zero-Ablaut in the Germanic iterative verbs. The Indo-European Verb: Proceedings of the Conference of the Society for Indo-European Studies, Los Angeles, 13–15 September 2010, ed. by H. Craig Melchert, 191–200. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11). Brill.

Kroonen, Guus. 2017. The development of the Proto-Indo-European instrumental suffix in Germanic. Indogermanische Forschungen 122.105–10.

Kroonen, Guus. 2024. Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, Methods, Results. A methodological introduction to sub-Indo-European Europe, 1–26. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111337920-001

Kroonen, Guus; Anthony Jakob; Axel I. Palmér; Paulus van Sluis; and Andrew Wigman. 2022. Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages. PLOS ONE 17.0275744.

Kümmel, Martin J. 2011–2026. Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV². Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität. Last modified 16 June 2026.

Kümmel, Martin J. 2016. Das dünkt mich dunkel: Germanische etymologische Probleme. Etymology and the European lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen, ed. by Bjarne Simmelkjær, Sandgaard Hansen, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander, and Birgit Anette Olsen, 219–33. Wiesbaden: Reichert.

Kylstra, A. D.; Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo; Tette Hofstra; and Osmo Nikkilä. 2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Vol. Bd. 3: P - Ä. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

L

Le Feuvre, Claire. 2026. *-tero- derivatives from nouns in Indo-European languages: semantics and reconstruction. Thinking Indo-European: Meaning and Form in Historical Linguistics and Comparative Reconstruction, May 19-21, 2026. Milan: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore.

Le Mair, Esther. 2011. Secondary verbs in Old Irish: A comparative-historical study of patterns of verbal derivation in the Old Irish glosses. Galway: dissertation.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1942. The Indo-European dh-Determinative in Germanic. Language 18.125–32.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1986a. A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. Brill.

Lehmann, Winfred P. 1986b. A Grammar of Proto-Germanic. University of Texas Press.

Lewis, Charlton T., and Charles Short. 1879. A Latin dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Lexer, Matthias. 1869. Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Verlag von S. Hirzel.

Liberman, Anatoly. 2016. In prayer and laughter: Essays on medieval Scandinavian and Germanic mythology, literature, and culture. Paleograph Press.

Liberman, Anatoly. 2020. Some of our tools: “awl”. Online: https://blog.oup.com/2020/03/some-of-our-tools-awl

Lindroth, Hjalmar. 1917. Onomatologiska anmärkningar till T. E. Karstens Germanisch-finnische Lehnwortstudien. Namn och bygd 5.19–52.

Lloyd, Albert L., and Rosemarie Lühr. 2007. Etymological Dictionary of Old High German III. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Lloyd, Albert L.; Rosemarie Lühr; and Otto Springer. 1998. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen II. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Online: https://ewa.saw-leipzig.de/de

Lloyd, Albert L., and Otto Springer. 1988. Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary. Vol. Vols. 1–5. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Lockwood, W. B. 1974. Faroese bird-name origins (IV). Fróðskaparrit 22, 107–17.

Loma, Aleksandar. 2017. Proto-Indo-European -intro-, -dhro- in Common Slavic? Jezikoslovni zapiski [Linguistic Notes 23.171–97.

Love, Jeffrey; Inger Larsson; and Ulrika Djärv. 2020. A Lexicon of Medieval Nordic Law. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.

Lubotsky, Alexander. 2023. Indo-European and Indo-Iranian wagon terminology and the date of the Indo-Iranian split. The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics, ed. by Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen, and Eske Willerslev, 257–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lühr, Rosemarie. 1989. Zum Sprachtod einer Restsprache: Zwei ausgestorbene Wörter aus der Lex Baiuvariorum. Germanische Rest- und Trümmersprachen (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 3), vol. 3, ed. by Heinrich Beck, 45–68. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Lühr, Rosemarie. 1995. Zur Umfunktionierung von UND und ODER zu Fragesatzpartikeln im Litauischen. Linguistica Baltica 4.119–30.