References

Works cited in the dictionary's etymologies (394 sources), in LSA style, alphabetical by the first author's surname.

Starting at L. Start from the beginning

S

Schrijver, Peter. 2004. Apes, dwarfs, rivers and Indo-European internal derivation. Per aspera ad asteriscos, 507–11.

Schulte, Michael. 2006. The transformation of the older fuþark: Number magic, runographic or linguistic principles? Arkiv för nordisk filologi 121, 41–74.

Schulte, Michael. 2008. Stylistic variation in runic inscriptions? A test case and preliminary assessment. Arkiv för nordisk filologi 123, 5–22.

Schulte, Michael. 2023. Bauprinzipen runischer Formeln: Zur Lexis und Morphosyntax urnordischer Formeln. Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 145(1), 1–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2023-0001

Schulze, Wilhelm. 1907. Ahd. suagur. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 40, 400–18.

Schumacher, Stefan. 2005. ‘Langvokalische Perfekta’ in indogermanischen Einzelsprachen und ihr grundsprachlicher Hintergrund. Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel: Akten der XI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17.–23. September 2000, 592–626.

Schürr, Diether. 2021. Fünf lykische Etymologien, die Landwirtschaft betreffen. Hungarian Assyriological Review 2, 263–82.

Schürr, Diether. 2023. Pflügen: urindogermanisch und hethitisch. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 75(2).

Seebold, Elmar. 1970. Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum). Series Practica 85.

Seebold, Elmar. 1982. Der Übergang von idg. -w- zu germ. -k- und -g. Indogermanische Forschungen 87.172–94.

Seebold, Elmar. 2017. The lexicon of Germanic. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, vol. 2, ed. by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph, and Matthias Fritz, 974–85. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.

Selihei, Pylyp O. 2018. Про джерела і найдавніші етапи німецького пуризму [On the sources and early stages of German purism. Мовознавство 5.10–31.

Serangeli, Matilde. 2020. Kinship terms in the Anatolian languages. Kin, clan and community in Indo-European society, ed. by Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Birgit Anette Olsen, and Janus Bahs Jacquet, 181–218. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.

Sermon, Richard. 2022. Eostre and the Matronae Austriahenae. Folklore 133(2), 139–57.

Shahbazi, A. Shapur. 1986. Army i. Pre-Islamic Iran. Encyclopaedia Iranica 2.5., 489–99.

Shaw, Philip A. 2020. Names and Naming in “Beowulf”: Studies in Heroic Narrative Tradition. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Shields, Kenneth Jr. 2008. Some Comments about Early Germanic Cardinal Direction Words. Historische Sprachforschung 121, 219–25.

Sihler, Andrew L. 1995. New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford University Press.

Smoczyński, Wojciech. 2018. Lithuanian etymological dictionary. Berlin: Peter Lang.

Šorgo, Aljoša. 2020. Characteristics of Lexemes of a Substratum Origin in Proto-Germanic. Loanwords and substrata: proceedings of the colloquium held in Limoges, 5th-7th June 2018, 427–72.

Šorgo, Aljoša. 2026. A Historical Grammar of Phrygian. Leiden: Leiden University.

Stifter, David. 2017. Varia II: The origin of time. Ériu 67, 219–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3318/eriu.2017.67.4

Stifter, David. 2019. An apple a day…. Indogermanische Forschungen 124(1), 171–218.

Stifter, David. 2024. Prehistoric layers of loanwords in Old Irish. Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, methods, results, ed. by Guus Kroonen, 157–202. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.

Stiles, Patrick V. 2018. Of Lambkins and Piglets in Old English and Beyond. Transactions of the Philological Society 116, 246–56.

Stoklund, Marie. 2003. Arbejdet ved Runologisk Laboratorium, København. Nytt om Runer 18, Meldingsblad om runeforskning, 4–11.

Szemerényi, Oswald. 1952. The Etymology of German Adel. WORD, 8:1, 42–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1952.11659419

Szemerényi, Oswald. 1955. Lat. ūber. Glotta 34(3–4), 272–87.

Szemerényi, Oswald. 1960. Studies in the Indo-European system of numerals. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.

T

Tanaka, Toshiya. 2011. A morphological conflation approach to the historical development of preterite-present verbs: Old English, Proto-Germanic, and Proto-Indo-European. Fukuoka: Hana-Shoin.

Thomas, Richard J.; Gareth A. Bevan; Patrick J. Donovan; and Andrew Hawke (eds.) 1950. Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies.

Thorsø, Rasmus. 2024. Alternation of diphthong and monophthong in Armenian words of substrate origin. Sub-Indo-European Europe: Problems, methods, results, ed. by Guus Kroonen, 335–49. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111337920-011

Thorsø, Rasmus; Andrew M. Wigman; Anthony M. Jakob; Axel Palmér; Paulus S. van Sluis; and Guus J. Kroonen. 2023. Word mining: metal names and the Indo-European dispersal. The Indo-European puzzle revisited, ed. by Kristian Kristiansen, Guus Kroonen, and Eske Willerslev, 105–26. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009261753.012

Torp, Alf. 1909. Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit, 4th edn. Vol. 3. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Townend, Matthew. 2015. Antiquity of Diction in Old English and Old Norse Poetry. E. C. Quiggin Memorial Lectures 17. Cambridge: Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic, University of Cambridge.

Trautmann, Reinhold. 1910. Die altpreußischen Sprachdenkmäler. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Tucker, Elizabeth. 1981. Greek factitive verbs in -οω, -αινω and -υνω. Transactions of the Philological Society 79.15–34.

U

Uckelman, S. L. 2023. “Adalger”. The Dictionary of Medieval Names from European Sources, Edition 2023, no. 1. Online: http://dmnes.org/2023/1/name/Adalger

Untermann, Jürgen. 2000. Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen. Heidelberg: C. Winter.

V

van Beek, L. C. 2024. Latin follis and vellō as evidence for a sound change *-lǵh- > *lɣ > ll: with an excursus on Greek λάχνη, ἀμφιλαχαίνω and cognates. Glotta: Zeitschrift Fuer Griechische Und Lateinische Sprache, 100(2), 220–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13109/GLOT.2024.100.2.220

van Beek, Lucien. 2018. Ἄτλας ἀστεμφής: Traces of local particles in Greek compounds and the origins of intensive alpha. Glotta 94, 38–81.

van Beek, Lucien. 2022. The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek: Linguistic Prehistory of the Greek Dialects and Homeric Kunstsprache. Brill.

van der Heijden, Vincent F. 2018. The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic. MA thesis.

van der Sijs, Nicoline (ed.) 2010. Etymologiebank. Meertens Institute.

van Sluis, Paulus; Anders Richardt Jørgensen; and Guus Kroonen. 2023. European Prehistory between Celtic and Germanic: The Celto-Germanic Isoglosses Revisited. The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited, ed. by Kristian Kristiansen and Eske Willerslev, 193–244. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009261753%23CN-bp-13/type/book_part. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009261753.018

van Veen, Pieter A. F., and Nicoline van der Sijs. 1997. Etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van onze woorden. Van Dale Lexicografie.

Vennemann, Theo. 1984. Bemerkung zum frühgermanischen Wortschatz. Studia linguistica et philologica: Festschrift für Klaus Matzel zum sechzigsten Geburtstag, ed. by Hans-Werner Eroms, Bernhard Gajek, and Herbert Kolb, 105–19. Carl Winter.

Vercoullie, Jozef. 1898. Beknopt Etymologisch Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal. Victor van Doosselaere.

Vijūnas, Aurelijus. 2005. The history of Latin alcēs ‘elk’ (followed by a brief discussion of the history of Greek ἄλκη). Glotta 81, 214–30.

Vijūnas, Aurelijus. 2015. The Length of y in the Old English Adjective dryge “dry. Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 128.260–83.