*badōną
Runic: ᛒᚨᛞᛟᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈbɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/verb · Weak class 2
Meanings
to press or weigh down; oppress, distress; frighten
Etymology
From *badą + *-ōną, forming a denominative Weak class 2 verb. Kroonen (Kroonen 2013: 47, s.v. *badōjan-) derives the verb from *badą and compares Norwegian bada and Old Saxon underbadōn. Palmér (2025: 156–157) more specifically derives *badōn- from the zero grade *bʰh₂dʰ- from Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₂dʰ-, cognate with Sanskrit बाधते (bā́dhate) and probably Lithuanian bósti. The older comparison with Old Irish fo-botha is formally untenable for various reasons (van Sluis et al. 2023: 235).
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | badō | badǭ | – |
| 2nd singular | badōsi | badōs | badō |
| 3rd singular | badōþi | badō | badōþau |
| 1st dual | badōs | badōw | – |
| 2nd dual | badōþiz | badōþiz | badōþiz |
| 1st plural | badōmaz | badōm | – |
| 2nd plural | badōþ | badōþ | badōþ |
| 3rd plural | badōnþi | badōn | badōnþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | badōi | – |
| 2nd singular | badōsai | badōsau |
| 3rd singular | badōþai | badōþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | badōnþai | badōnþau |
| 2nd plural | badōnþai | badōnþau |
| 3rd plural | badōnþai | badōnþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | badōdǭ | badōdēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | badōdēz | badōdēdīz |
| 3rd singular | badōdē | badōdēdī |
| 1st dual | badōdēdū | badōdēdīw |
| 2nd dual | badōdēdudiz | badōdēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | badōdēdum | badōdēdīm |
| 2nd plural | badōdēdud | badōdēdīd |
| 3rd plural | badōdēdun | badōdēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| badōną | badōndz | badōdaz |
Descendants
-
*badōn (Proto-West Germanic)
- undarbadōn (Old Saxon)
-
*baða (Old Norse)
- bada (Norwegian)