*bakjaz

Runic: ᛒᚨᚲᛃᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈbɑk.jɑz/

noun · masculine · ja-stem

Meanings

brook, stream; creek, rivulet

Etymology

Probably from pre-Germanic *bʰog-yos. Kroonen (2013: 48–49) reconstructs masculine *bakja-, while Ringe and Taylor (2014: 237) treat *bakjaz as Proto-Northwest Germanic and derive secondary Proto-West Germanic *baki from it. The deeper etymology is uncertain. Proto-Slavic *bagnò is only a possible comparison and may instead belong with Dutch *bagger in a substrate complex (Derksen 2008: 33). Old Irish *búal, formerly compared as *boglā, is also doubtful and probably a secondary formation within Irish (van Sluis et al. 2023: 241). The older comparison with Sanskrit भङ्ग (bhaṅgá) and Lithuanian *bangà should be rejected as belonging to PIE bʰeg- (Kroonen 2013: 48–49; Rix et al. 2001: 66–67; Wodtko et al. 2008: 6). No secure extra-Germanic cognate can be presently identified.

Declension

CaseSingularPlural
Nom.bakjazbakōz, bakōs
Acc.bakįąbakjanz
Gen.bakas, bakisbakjǫ̂
Dat.bakaibakjamaz
Inst.bakōbakjamiz
Voc.bakibakōz, bakōs

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Descendants

  • *baki (Proto-West Germanic)
    • beki, beke (Old Dutch)
      • bēke (Middle Dutch)
        • beek; Limburgish: baek (Dutch)
  • *baki (Proto-West Germanic)
    • beċe, bæce (also bæċ, bec) (Old English)
      • bache, bæcche, bæche (Middle English)
        • English dialectal batch (‘stream-valley’);
          • ? English beach
  • *baki (Proto-West Germanic)
    • *beke, *betze (Old Frisian)
      • Bäke; West Frisian: beek, beets (in place-names) (Saterland Frisian)
  • *baki (Proto-West Germanic)
    • beki (Old Saxon)
      • bēke, ?bach (Middle Low German)
        • Beek, Beke, Bääk, Bäke, etc.; (German Low German)
          • German -beck (in place-names);
            • ? Plautdietsch Bach
  • *baki (Proto-West Germanic)
    • bah (Old High German)
      • bach (Middle High German)
        • Bach; Luxembourgish: Baach; Cimbrian: pach; Mòcheno: pòch (German)
  • bekkr (Old Norse)
    • bekkur; Icelandic: bekkur; Norwegian Nynorsk: bekk (Faroese)
  • bekkr (Old Norse)
    • bæk (Old Danish)
      • bæk (Danish)
        • bekk (Norwegian Bokmål)
  • bekkr (Old Norse)
    • bækker (Old Swedish)
      • bäck (Swedish)
  • bekkr (Old Norse)
    • bek, bekke (Middle English)
      • beck; Scots: bek, bekk (English)

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