*duganą

Runic: ᛞᚢᚷᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈdu.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Preterite-present

Meanings

to be useful, to avail

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰówgʰ-e ~ *dʰedʰugʰ-ḗr (‘to be productive’), a reduplicated stative of the root *dʰewgʰ- (‘to hit; produce; be strong, have force’) (Ringe 2006). Cognate with Sanskrit दुदोह (dudóha) (dudóha, ‘to milk, milk out, squeeze out, extract; to yield, produce; to enjoy, take advantage of’). Related to *dugunþō (‘ability, usefulness, strength; virtue, strength of character’) and *dukkǭ (‘power, strength; muscle’).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	daug	dugį̄	–
2nd singular	dauht	dugīz	–
3rd singular	daug	dugī	–
1st dual	dugū	dugīw	–
2nd dual	dugudiz	dugīdiz	–
1st plural	dugum	dugīm	–
2nd plural	dugud	dugīd	–
3rd plural	dugun	dugīn	–

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	–	–
2nd singular	–	–
3rd singular	–	–
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	–	–
2nd plural	–	–
3rd plural	–	–

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	duhtǭ	duhtēdį̄
2nd singular	duhtēz	duhtēdīz
3rd singular	duhtē	duhtēdī
1st dual	duhtēdū	duhtēdīw
2nd dual	duhtēdudiz	duhtēdīdiz
1st plural	duhtēdum	duhtēdīm
2nd plural	duhtēdud	duhtēdīd
3rd plural	duhtēdun	duhtēdīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
duganą	dugandz	duhtaz

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Descendants

*dugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- dugan (Old Dutch)
  - dōgen (Middle Dutch)
    - deugen (Dutch)
      - deug (Afrikaans)
*dugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- dugan (Old English)
  - douen, dowen, duhen, duȝen (Middle English)
    - dow (English)
    - dow (Scots)
*dugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- duga (Old Frisian)
  - döge (North Frisian)
  - dooge (Saterland Frisian)
  - doge (West Frisian)
*dugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- tugan (Old High German)
  - tugen, tügen (Middle High German)
    - daachen (Luxembourgish)
    - טויגן (toygn) (Yiddish)
*dugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- tugan (Old High German)
  - tugen, tügen (Middle High German)
    - taugen (German)
      - taŭgi (Esperanto)
*dugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- dugan (Old Saxon)
  - dōgen (Middle Low German)
    - dögen (Low German)
duga (Old Norse)
- duga (Faroese)
- duga (Icelandic)
duga (Old Norse)
- duge (Norwegian Bokmål)
- duga, duge (Norwegian Nynorsk)
duga (Old Norse)
- dughæ (Old Danish)
  - du (Danish)
duga (Old Norse)
- dugha, dogha (Old Swedish)
  - duga (Swedish)
𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dugan) (Gothic)

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