*fastuz

Runic: ᚠᚨᛊᛏᚢᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɸɑs.tuz/

adjective · u-stem

Meanings

fixed, firm, secure

Etymology

(Kroonen 2013) notes a possible relationship with Old Armenian հաստ (hast, ‘firm, steady; thick, dense’), deriving the forms from Proto-Indo-European *pHst-, ultimately from a compound *ph₂ǵ- + *sth₂-, from root *peh₂ǵ- (‘to attach, fix, fasten’) and steh₂- (‘to stand’), though with unexplained loss of the *-ǵ-. (Martirosyan 2010) regards the set as a possible non-Indo-European substrate word, but (Nielsen 2023) argues that the substrate analysis is weak, and that the Armenian term may reflect an inherited participial formation ph₂ḱ-tó- (‘made firm’), severing the Proto-Germanic relationship. Doing away with the traditional cognate allows a more straightforward etymology of the zero-grade form of *h2epo (‘off, away’), *h2po + *sth₂-. In fact, this opens a new possible cognate, Latin postis (‘post’) from the same compound (Heidermanns 2002).

Declension

Strong declension

Case	Sg. Masc.	Sg. Fem.	Sg. Neut.	Pl. Masc.	Pl. Fem.	Pl. Neut.
Nom.	fastuz	fastī	fastų, -jatō	fastijai	fastijôz	fastijō
Acc.	fastijanǭ	fastijǭ	fastų, -jatō	fastijanz	fastijōz	fastijō
Gen.	fastijas, fastīs	fastijaizōz	fastijas, fastīs	fastijaizǫ̂	fastijaizǫ̂	fastijaizǫ̂
Dat.	fastijammai	fastijaizōi	fastijammai	fastijaimaz	fastijaimaz	fastijaimaz
Inst.	fastijanō	fastijaizō	fastijanō	fastijaimiz	fastijaimiz	fastijaimiz

Weak declension

Case	Sg. Masc.	Sg. Fem.	Sg. Neut.	Pl. Masc.	Pl. Fem.	Pl. Neut.
Nom.	fastijô	fastijǭ	fastijô	fastijaniz	fastijōniz	fastijōnō
Acc.	fastijanų	fastijōnų	fastijô	fastijanunz	fastijōnunz	fastijōnō
Gen.	fastīniz	fastijōniz	fastīniz	fastijanǫ̂	fastijōnǫ̂	fastijanǫ̂
Dat.	fastīni	fastijōni	fastīni	fastijammaz	fastijōmaz	fastijammaz
Inst.	fastīnē	fastijōnē	fastīnē	fastijammiz	fastijōmiz	fastijammiz

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Descendants

*fast, *fastu, *fastī (Proto-West Germanic)
- fast (Old Dutch)
  - vast (Middle Dutch)
    - vast (Dutch)
      - vas (Afrikaans)
*fast, *fastu, *fastī (Proto-West Germanic)
- fæst (Old English)
  - fæst, fest, fast (Middle English)
    - fast (English)
    - fest, fast (Scots)
*fast, *fastu, *fastī (Proto-West Germanic)
- fest (Old Frisian)
  - fääst (Saterland Frisian)
  - fêst (West Frisian)
*fast, *fastu, *fastī (Proto-West Germanic)
- fast, festi (Old High German)
  - fast, vast, feste, veste (Middle High German)
    - fass, fast (Central Franconian)
    - fest (German)
*fast, *fastu, *fastī (Proto-West Germanic)
- fast (Old Saxon)
  - fast, vast, feste, veste, vest (Middle Low German)
    - fast, fest (Low German)
fastr (Old Norse)
- fast (Danish)
- fastur (Faroese)
- fastur (Icelandic)
- fast (Norwegian)
fastr (Old Norse)
- faster (Old Swedish)
  - fast (Swedish)
*𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*fasts) (Gothic)

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