*ga-
Runic: ᚷᚨ- Pronunciation: /ɣɑ/prefix
Function
- Indicates association or togetherness; co-.
- Indicates completeness or wholeness. In verbs, also indicates perfectivity (a finished action). In nouns, expresses intensive or perfective meaning.
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (‘with, near, by, along’). Cognate with Latin co-, con-, prefix forms of cum (‘with’). The irregular change from expected **ha- to *ga- is probably due to either due to influence from Proto-Indo-European *gʰo- or the original prefix itself being considered "unstressed" by Germanic speakers, which would activate Verner's law and cause the shift (Compare *uz).
Descendants
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*ga- (Proto-West Germanic)
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gi-, ge- (Old Dutch)
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ghe-, ge-, i-, y- (Middle Dutch)
- ge-, e- (West Flemish)
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ghe-, ge-, i-, y- (Middle Dutch)
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gi-, ge- (Old Dutch)
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*ga- (Proto-West Germanic)
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gi-, ge- (Old Dutch)
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ghe-, ge-, i-, y- (Middle Dutch)
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ge- (Dutch)
- ge- (Afrikaans)
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ge- (Dutch)
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ghe-, ge-, i-, y- (Middle Dutch)
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gi-, ge- (Old Dutch)
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*ga- (Proto-West Germanic)
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ġe-, i-, ġæ-, ġi-, ie-, ᚷᛁ- (ġi-), ᚸᛖ- (ge-) (Old English)
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ge-, ȝe-, i-, y- (Middle English)
- a-, y-, i- (English)
- ee- (Yola)
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ge-, ȝe-, i-, y- (Middle English)
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ġe-, i-, ġæ-, ġi-, ie-, ᚷᛁ- (ġi-), ᚸᛖ- (ge-) (Old English)
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*ga- (Proto-West Germanic)
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ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a- (Old Frisian)
- ge- (Saterland Frisian)
- ge- (West Frisian)
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ge-, gi-, je-, ie-, e-, i-, a- (Old Frisian)
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*ga- (Proto-West Germanic)
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gi-, ga-, ki-, ka- (Old High German)
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ge- (Middle High German)
- g-, ge- (Alemannic German)
- g- (Bavarian)
- ge-, g- (German)
- ge- (Luxembourgish)
- gy- (Vilamovian)
- גע־ (ge-) (Yiddish)
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ge- (Middle High German)
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gi-, ga-, ki-, ka- (Old High German)
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*ga- (Proto-West Germanic)
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gi-, i-, ge-, ga- (Old Saxon)
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ge- (Middle Low German)
- ge-, e-, je- (Low German)
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ge- (Middle Low German)
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gi-, i-, ge-, ga- (Old Saxon)
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g- (Old Norse)
- gnógr, glíkr, greiðr, greiða, granni (Old Norse)
- 𐌲𐌰- (ga-) (Gothic)
- *ga- (Vandalic)