*gaistaz

Runic: ᚷᚨᛁᛊᛏᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɣɑi̯s.tɑz/

noun · masculine · a-stem

Meanings

terror, fear
spirit, ghost
mind

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeys- (‘to be angry, agitated’). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa) (héḍa, ‘anger’), Lithuanian žei̇̃sti (‘to wound’).

Declension

Case	Singular	Plural
Nom.	gaistaz	gaistōz, gaistōs
Acc.	gaistą	gaistanz
Gen.	gaistas, gaistis	gaistǫ̂
Dat.	gaistai	gaistamaz
Inst.	gaistō	gaistamiz
Voc.	gaist	gaistōz, gaistōs

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Descendants

*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- geist, gēst, *gast (Old Dutch)
  - gêest (Middle Dutch)
    - geest (Dutch)
      - gees (Afrikaans)
      - geest (Negerhollands)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- gāst, gǣst, gaast (Old English)
  - gost, gast, gaast, goost, goste (Middle English)
    - ghost (English)
    - ghaist (Scots)
    - gaast (Yola)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- gāst, gēst (Old Frisian)
  - gast (Norwegian Bokmål)
  - Gäist, Jeest (Saterland Frisian)
  - geast (West Frisian)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- gāst, gēst (Old Frisian)
  - gast (Old Danish)
    - gast (Danish)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- gāst, gēst (Old Frisian)
  - gaster (Old Swedish)
    - gast (Swedish)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- geist, gheist, keist (Old High German)
  - geist (Middle High German)
    - Geest, Geist (Hunsrik)
    - Geescht (Luxembourgish)
    - gȧjst (Vilamovian)
    - גײַסט (gayst) (Yiddish)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- geist, gheist, keist (Old High German)
  - geist (Middle High German)
    - Geist (German)
      - gejst (Danish)
      - geist (English)
      - geist (Norwegian Bokmål)
      - gejst (Swedish)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- gēst, geist (Old Saxon)
  - gêst, geist (Middle Low German)
    - Jeist (Plautdietsch)
*gaist (Proto-West Germanic)
- gēst, geist (Old Saxon)
  - gêst, geist (Middle Low German)
    - Geist (Low German)
      - Geest, Geist (German Low German)

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