*grīsaną

Runic: ᚷᚱᛁᛊᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɣriː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Strong class 1

Meanings

to shudder, to shake
to be frightened, to be in awe

Etymology

Of disputed origin. Watkins suggests Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (‘to grind, rub’), while Orel derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrey- (‘to smear, paint’) and compares Ancient Greek χρῑ́ω (khrī́ō) (khrī́ō, ‘to smear, anoint’). However, compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati) (harṣati, ‘to become on edge, nervous’), which is from *ǵʰers- (‘surprised, stiff’).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	grīsō	grīsaų	–
2nd singular	grīsizi	grīsaiz	grīs
3rd singular	grīsidi	grīsai	grīsadau
1st dual	grīsōz	grīsaiw	–
2nd dual	grīsadiz	grīsaidiz	grīsadiz
1st plural	grīsamaz	grīsaim	–
2nd plural	grīsid	grīsaid	grīsid
3rd plural	grīsandi	grīsain	grīsandau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	grīsai	–
2nd singular	grīsazai	grīsaizau
3rd singular	grīsadai	grīsaidau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	grīsandai	grīsaindau
2nd plural	grīsandai	grīsaindau
3rd plural	grīsandai	grīsaindau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	grais	grizį̄
2nd singular	graist	grizīz
3rd singular	grais	grizī
1st dual	grizū	grizīw
2nd dual	grizudiz	grizīdiz
1st plural	grizum	grizīm
2nd plural	grizud	grizīd
3rd plural	grizun	grizīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
grīsaną	grīsandz	grizanaz

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Descendants

*grīsan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *grīsan (Old Dutch)
  - grisen (Middle Dutch)
    - afgrijzen (Dutch)
*grīsan (Proto-West Germanic)
- grīsan (Old English)
  - grisen, gryse (Middle English)
    - grise (English)

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