*hamaraz

Runic: ᚺᚨᛗᚨᚱᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈxɑ.mɑ.rɑz/

noun · masculine · a-stem

Meanings

hammer

Etymology

Traditionally treated as derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (‘stone’) (compare Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman) (aśman, ‘stone’)), from *h₂eḱ- (‘sharp’), via a formation like *h₂eḱmoros (compare Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará) (aśmará, ‘stony’)). But the phonology is problematic. A metathesis of *h₂ and ḱ like that assumed to underlie Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō may account for the Germanic short vowel, i.e. *ḱh₂moros. Hyllested instead suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *hamara (‘butt of an axe, back of a knife’). However, it is not clear that the proposed chronology works out: At the implied time of borrowing (last centuries BC or first centuries AD), Finnic *h may well still have been *š, which would probably be reflected as *s in Germanic.

Declension

Case	Singular	Plural
Nom.	hamaraz	hamarōz, hamarōs
Acc.	hamarą	hamaranz
Gen.	hamaras, hamaris	hamarǫ̂
Dat.	hamarai	hamaramaz
Inst.	hamarō	hamaramiz
Voc.	hamar	hamarōz, hamarōs

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Descendants

*hamar (Proto-West Germanic)
- *hamar (Old Dutch)
  - hamer (Middle Dutch)
    - oamer (West Flemish)
*hamar (Proto-West Germanic)
- *hamar (Old Dutch)
  - hamer (Middle Dutch)
    - hamer (Dutch)
      - hamer (Afrikaans)
*hamar (Proto-West Germanic)
- hamor, hamer, homer (Old English)
  - hamer, hamber (Middle English)
    - hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer (Scots)
*hamar (Proto-West Germanic)
- hamor, hamer, homer (Old English)
  - hamer, hamber (Middle English)
    - hammer (English)
      - haamaa (Fiji Hindi)
      - ハンマー (Japanese)
      - amra (Sranan Tongo)
*hamar (Proto-West Germanic)
- hamer, homer (Old Frisian)
  - Hoomer (Saterland Frisian)
  - hammer (West Frisian)
*hamar (Proto-West Germanic)
- hamar (Old High German)
  - hamer (Middle High German)
    - Håmmer (Bavarian)
    - Hammer (German)
    - Hummer (Luxembourgish)
    - האַמער (hamer) (Yiddish)
*hamar (Proto-West Germanic)
- hamar, hamur (Old Saxon)
  - hāmer (Middle Low German)
    - Hamer (Low German)
    - Homa (Plautdietsch)
hamarr (Old Norse)
- åmår (Elfdalian)
- hamar, hamari (Faroese)
- hammare, hamar (Gutnish)
- hamar (Icelandic)
hamarr (Old Norse)
- hamar, hammar (Norwegian Nynorsk)
  - hammar (Norwegian Bokmål)
hamarr (Old Norse)
- hamær, hambær (Old Danish)
  - hammer (Danish)
    - hammer (Norwegian Bokmål)
hamarr (Old Norse)
- hamar (Old Swedish)
  - hammare, hammar (Swedish)

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