*tuppaz

Runic: ᛏᚢᛈᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈtup.pɑz/

noun · masculine · a-stem

Meanings

tuft, plait (of hair)
top, summit

Etymology

Secondary formation from *tebô ~ *tappaz (‘tuft, knot, peg’), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (‘plug, peg, broom’), Old English tæppa (‘strip of cloth’), Norwegian tave (‘piece of cloth’), of unknown origin.

Sometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (‘penis, tail, rod’), whence Old High German zumpfo (‘penis’), Dutch tamp (‘rope end, penis’), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma) (duma, ‘penis’), Persian دُنْب (donb, ‘tail’). This can be related to the above by the addition of an n-infix. Alternatively, it can be explained as metathesis of the nasal from the pre-Germanic weak stem *dbʰ-nó- to *dm̥bʰ-ó- and subsequent contamination between the two stems to *dm̥bʰ-nó-, whence early Proto-Germanic *tumppaz, later *tumpaz.

(Pystynen 2024) proposes borrowing from Proto-Finnic *tup'as, in which case *tuppaz would be more original than the e- and a-grade variants cited above.

Declension

Case	Singular	Plural
Nom.	tuppaz	tuppōz, tuppōs
Acc.	tuppą	tuppanz
Gen.	tuppas, tuppis	tuppǫ̂
Dat.	tuppai	tuppamaz
Inst.	tuppō	tuppamiz
Voc.	tupp	tuppōz, tuppōs

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Descendants

*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- *toppus (Vulgar Latin)
*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- *topp, *top (Old Dutch)
  - top, topp (Middle Dutch)
    - top (Dutch)
*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- top, topp, toppa (Old English)
  - top, toppe, topp, tope, toop (Middle English)
    - tap (Scots)
*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- top, topp, toppa (Old English)
  - top, toppe, topp, tope, toop (Middle English)
    - top (English)
      - top (French)
      - Top (German)
      - tốp (Vietnamese)
*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- topp, top (Old Frisian)
  - top, tap, tup (North Frisian)
  - Top (Saterland Frisian)
  - top, toppe (West Frisian)
*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- zoph (Old High German)
  - zuffa (Italian)
*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- zoph (Old High German)
  - zopf (Middle Low German)
    - sòpf (Cimbrian)
    - Zopf (German)
    - Zopp (Hunsrik)
    - Zapp (Luxembourgish)
    - cöp (Vilamovian)
    - צאָפּ (tsop) (Yiddish)
*topp (Proto-West Germanic)
- *top (Old Saxon)
  - top (Middle Low German)
    - Topp (Low German)
      - Topp (German)
toppr (Old Norse)
- toppur (Faroese)
- toppur (Icelandic)
- topp (Norwegian)
toppr (Old Norse)
- top (Old Danish)
  - top (Danish)
toppr (Old Norse)
- topper, tupper (Old Swedish)
  - topp (Swedish)
    - toppa (Finnish)

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