*turbz

Runic: ᛏᚢᚱᛒᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈturbz/

noun · masculine · consonant stem

Meanings

turf, peat

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (‘tuft, grass; to wind, spin’), as tufts of plants tend to cluster and form winding shapes; compare Sanskrit दर्भ (darbhá) (darbhá, ‘tuft of grass’).

Don Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem. In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension.

In many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.

Declension

Case	Singular	Plural
Nom.	turbz	turbiz
Acc.	turbų	turbunz
Gen.	turbiz	turbǫ̂
Dat.	turbi	turbumaz
Inst.	turbē	turbumiz
Voc.	turb	turbiz

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Descendants

*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- zurft (Old High German)
*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- *torf, *turf (Old Dutch)
  - turf, torf (Middle Dutch)
    - turf (Dutch)
      - turf (Afrikaans)
*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- turf (Old English)
  - turf, turfe, torf, tourfe (Middle English)
    - turf (English)
    - turr, truff (Scots)
    - thrive (Yola)
*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- torbe (Old French)
  - tourbe (French)
    - torba (Catalan)
    - turba (Galician)
    - torba (Italian)
    - turbă (Romanian)
    - turba (Spanish)
    - turba (Turkish)
*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- turf (Old Frisian)
  - Toarks (Saterland Frisian)
  - turf (West Frisian)
*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- *torf, turf (Old Saxon)
  - torf (Middle Low German)
    - Torf (German Low German)
*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- *torf, turf (Old Saxon)
  - torf (Middle Low German)
    - Torf (German)
      - torf (Polish)
      - turfa (Portuguese)
*turb (Proto-West Germanic)
- *torf, turf (Old Saxon)
  - torf (Middle Low German)
    - Torf (German)
      - торф (torf) (Russian)
        
        а-то́рф (a-tʼórf) (Abkhaz)
        
        տորֆ (torf) (Armenian)
        
        torf (Azerbaijani)
        
        ტორფი (ṭorpi) (Georgian)
        
        торф (torf) (Ossetian)
torf (Old Norse)
- tørv (Danish)
- torv (Faroese)
- torf (Icelandic)
- torve (Norman)
torf (Old Norse)
- ? (Norwegian)
  - torv (Norwegian)
  - torv (Norwegian Nynorsk)
torf (Old Norse)
- torf, törf (Old Swedish)
  - torv, torva (Swedish)
torfa (Old Norse)
- tørv (Danish)
- torv (Faroese)
- torf (Icelandic)
- torve (Norman)
torfa (Old Norse)
- ? (Norwegian)
  - torv (Norwegian)
  - torv (Norwegian Nynorsk)
torfa (Old Norse)
- torf, törf (Old Swedish)
  - torv, torva (Swedish)
*turbas (Proto-Finnic)

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