*abnijaną
Runic: ᚨᛒᚾᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɑβ.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Weak class 1
Meanings
to perform, execute
Etymology
Probably from *abniją + *-(i)janą, ultimately from the n-stem/oblique member of Proto-Indo-European *h₃óp-r̥ ~ *h₃ép-n-. The nasal thus likely reflects the inherited heteroclitic n-form, as in pre-Germanic *h₃ep-n-yo-m > Proto-Germanic *abniją (Johnsen 2005b: 258–59). Compare Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस् (ápnas-), Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾 (ḫa-ap-pí-na- /ḫappina-/), and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex (Johnsen 2005b: 258; Kloekhorst 2008: 295–97; Watkins 2011: s.v. op-). Kroonen (2013: 1) instead derives the verb internally from *aba- + **-nijaną, but this is less compelling since the suffix is poorly supported and less semantically appealing.
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | abnijō | abnijaų | – |
| 2nd singular | abnīsi | abnijais | abnī |
| 3rd singular | abnīþi | abnijai | abnijaþau |
| 1st dual | abnijōs | abnijaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | abnijaþiz | abnijaiþiz | abnijaþiz |
| 1st plural | abnijamaz | abnijaim | – |
| 2nd plural | abnīþ | abnijaiþ | abnīþ |
| 3rd plural | abnijanþi | abnijain | abnijanþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | abnijai | – |
| 2nd singular | abnijasai | abnijaisau |
| 3rd singular | abnijaþai | abnijaiþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | abnijanþai | abnijainþau |
| 2nd plural | abnijanþai | abnijainþau |
| 3rd plural | abnijanþai | abnijainþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | abnidǭ | abnidēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | abnidēz | abnidēdīz |
| 3rd singular | abnidē | abnidēdī |
| 1st dual | abnidēdū | abnidēdīw |
| 2nd dual | abnidēdudiz | abnidēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | abnidēdum | abnidēdīm |
| 2nd plural | abnidēdud | abnidēdīd |
| 3rd plural | abnidēdun | abnidēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| abnijaną | abnijandz | abnidaz |
Descendants
-
*abnijan (Proto-West Germanic)
- æfnan, efnan (Old English)
-
efna (Old Norse)
- evna (Faroese)
- efna (Icelandic)
-
efna (Old Norse)
-
evne (Danish)
- evne (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
evne (Danish)
-
efna (Old Norse)
-
emna, evna (Norwegian)
- emne (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
emna, evna (Norwegian)
-
efna (Old Norse)
-
æmna, æmpna (Old Swedish)
- ämna (Swedish)
-
æmna, æmpna (Old Swedish)