*agaz
Runic: ᚨᚷᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑ.ɣɑz/noun · neuter · z-stem
Meanings
fear, dread; terror or awe in the face of something threatening
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European*h₂égʰ-os ~ *h₂égʰ-es-os, an old neuter s-stem built to *h₂egʰ-. In Proto-Germanic the inherited s-stem alternation survives as *agaz ~ *agiz-; the daughters then remodeled the stem in different directions, e.g. Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis) as a neuter a-stem and Old English eġe as an i-stem (Kroonen 2013: 4; Ringe 2017: 110, 149, 310). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄχος (ákhos) and Proto-Celtic *āg-ī- (Mallory & Adams 1997: 247; Ringe 2017: 110). A recent Celto-Germanic treatment takes the Celtic and Germanic verbal word family as inherited from the same PIE root rather than as a special Celto-Germanic innovation (van Sluis et al. 2023: 214).
Declension
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | agaz | agizō |
| Acc. | agaz | agizō |
| Gen. | agiziz | agizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | agizi | agizumaz |
| Inst. | agizē | agizumiz |
| Voc. | agaz | agizō |
Descendants
-
*agi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
eġe, æġe, eiġe (Old English)
-
eye, eȝe, eie, eiȝe, eyȝe, eȝȝe (Middle English)
- ey (English)
-
eye, eȝe, eie, eiȝe, eyȝe, eȝȝe (Middle English)
-
eġe, æġe, eiġe (Old English)
-
*agi (Proto-West Germanic)
-
egī, aigi (Old High German)
- egibāri, egibāro, egilīh, egitior (Old High German)
-
egī, aigi (Old High German)
-
agi (Old Norse)
- ave (Danish)
- agi (Faroese)
- agi (Icelandic)
- age (Norwegian Bokmål)
- age, aga, agje, ågå (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
agi (Old Norse)
-
awe, age, aghe, aȝe, ahe, au, aue, aw (Middle English)
- awe (English)
- awe, aw (Scots)
-
awe, age, aghe, aȝe, ahe, au, aue, aw (Middle English)
-
agi (Old Norse)
-
aghi (Old Swedish)
-
age (Swedish)
- aga (Swedish)
-
age (Swedish)
-
aghi (Old Swedish)
- 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis) (Gothic)
- *agiz (Vandalic)