*agluz
Runic: ᚨᚷᛚᚢᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑɣ.luz/adjective · u-stem
Meanings
difficult, hard; troublesome or burdensome, especially in the sense ‘causing toil, pain, or distress’
Etymology
From pre-Germanic *h₂egʰ-l-u-s, a u-stem adjective built on an *-l- extension of Proto-Indo-European root *h₂egʰ-, literally ‘painful, distressing’, hence ‘difficult, burdensome’. It is the u-stem counterpart of *aglaz < *h₂egʰ-ló-s. This u-stem version only survived in Gothic and was remodeled as a ja-/jō-stem in West Germanic (Visser 2024: 6–11). Compare Sanskrit अघ (aghá), Sanskrit अघल (aghala), Ancient Greek ἄχος (ákhos)/ᾰ̓́χνῠμαι (ắkhnŭmai), and possibly Latin algus (Kroonen 2013: 5; Mallory & Adams 1997: 43; Matasović 2022: 8–9).
Declension
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | agluz | aglī | aglų, -jatō | aglijai | aglijôz | aglijō |
| Acc. | aglijanǭ | aglijǭ | aglų, -jatō | aglijanz | aglijōz | aglijō |
| Gen. | aglijas, aglīs | aglijaizōz | aglijas, aglīs | aglijaizǫ̂ | aglijaizǫ̂ | aglijaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | aglijammai | aglijaizōi | aglijammai | aglijaimaz | aglijaimaz | aglijaimaz |
| Inst. | aglijanō | aglijaizō | aglijanō | aglijaimiz | aglijaimiz | aglijaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | aglijô | aglijǭ | aglijô | aglijaniz | aglijōniz | aglijōnō |
| Acc. | aglijanų | aglijōnų | aglijô | aglijanunz | aglijōnunz | aglijōnō |
| Gen. | aglīniz | aglijōniz | aglīniz | aglijanǫ̂ | aglijōnǫ̂ | aglijanǫ̂ |
| Dat. | aglīni | aglijōni | aglīni | aglijammaz | aglijōmaz | aglijammaz |
| Inst. | aglīnē | aglijōnē | aglīnē | aglijammiz | aglijōmiz | aglijammiz |
Descendants
-
eġle (Old English)
-
eile, eyle (Middle English)
- ail (English)
-
eile, eyle (Middle English)
- 𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌿𐍃 (aglus) (Gothic)