*aibraz
Runic: ᚨᛁᛒᚱᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑi̯.βrɑz/adjective · a-stem
Meanings
- sharp, bitter
- vehement, dire
- violent
Etymology
Uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Germanic *oy-bʰr-ó-s from Proto-Indo-European *óy- + the zero-grade of the root *bʰer- + thematic *-ó- with a meaning like ‘alone-bearing’ or ‘carrying/keeping to itself’ (Dunkel 2014: 587–88; Wodtko et al. 2008: 16). Possible comparanda are Tocharian A ewär and dialectal Lithuanian aibrùmas (Wodtko et al. 2008: 21 n. 16), perhaps from an earlier sense ‘bitterness, astringency’. Dunkel (2014: 587–88) analyzes the word with a semantic path ‘isolated, alone’ → ‘wild, unruly’ → ‘harsh, fierce’.
Declension
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | aibraz | aibrō | aibrą, -atō | aibrai | aibrôz | aibrō |
| Acc. | aibranǭ | aibrǭ | aibrą, -atō | aibranz | aibrōz | aibrō |
| Gen. | aibras, -is | aibraizōz | aibras, -is | aibraizǫ̂ | aibraizǫ̂ | aibraizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | aibrammai | aibraizōi | aibrammai | aibraimaz | aibraimaz | aibraimaz |
| Inst. | aibranō | aibraizō | aibranō | aibraimiz | aibraimiz | aibraimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | aibrô | aibrǭ | aibrô | aibraniz | aibrōniz | aibrōnō |
| Acc. | aibranų | aibrōnų | aibrô | aibranunz | aibrōnunz | aibrōnō |
| Gen. | aibriniz | aibrōniz | aibriniz | aibranǫ̂ | aibrōnǫ̂ | aibranǫ̂ |
| Dat. | aibrini | aibrōni | aibrini | aibrammaz | aibrōmaz | aibrammaz |
| Inst. | aibrinē | aibrōnē | aibrinē | aibrammiz | aibrōmiz | aibrammiz |
Descendants
-
*aibr (Proto-West Germanic)
- ābor, āfor (Old English)
- eibar, eivar, eifar, aipar, eipar, eiber, eiver, eifir (Old High German)
-
*aibr (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*āver (Old Frisian)
- aver (Dutch)
-
*āver (Old Frisian)
-
æfr (Old Norse)
- æfur (Icelandic)
- *𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍂𐍃 (*aifrs) (Gothic)