*allaz
Runic: ᚨᛚᚨᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈɑl.lɑz/determiner · a-stem
Meanings
- all; every member or part of a given set
- whole, entire; complete
Etymology
From pre-Germanic *h₂el-nó-s, a suffixed formation from Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el-, with the gemination of *-l- caused by assimilation *-ln- > *-ll- (compare the parallel developments of PIE *pl̥h₁-nó-s > Proto-Germanic *fullaz and *h₂wl̥h₁-néh₂ > PGmc *wullō) (Kroonen 2013: s.v. *alla-; Ringe 2017: 165).
The closest formal cognate may be Oscan allo, possibly from Proto-Italic *alnos< PIE *h₂el-no-, in which case it would support both the root and the nasal suffix. However, its exact formation is disputed; a direct derivation from PIE *h₂el-no- is phonologically problematic according to Untermann (2000: 81) (following (Meiser 1986: 164–68)) because inherited *-ln- would be expected to yield Oscan -nn- rather than -ll-, though Savić (2019) disputes this. Related formations with o-grade and a different suffix include Proto-Celtic *olyos < PIE *h₂ol-yo-s (Matasović’s *h₃ol-yo- is apparently an error for *h₂ol-yo-), continued by Old Irish uile, Middle Welsh oll, and Gaulish ollon; Lithuanian aliái may also belong here (Matasović 2009a: s.v. *olyo-; Watkins 2011: s.v. al-³).
Declension
This determiner has a strong declension only.
Declension
Strong declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | allaz | allō | allą, -at(ō) | allai | allôz | allō |
| Acc. | allanǭ | allǭ | allą, -at(ō) | allanz | allōz | allō |
| Gen. | allas, allis | allaizōz | allas, allis | allaizǫ̂ | allaizǫ̂ | allaizǫ̂ |
| Dat. | allammai | allaizōi | allammai | allaimaz | allaimaz | allaimaz |
| Inst. | allanō | allaizō | allanō | allaimiz | allaimiz | allaimiz |
Weak declension
| Case | Sg. Masc. | Sg. Fem. | Sg. Neut. | Pl. Masc. | Pl. Fem. | Pl. Neut. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Acc. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gen. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Dat. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Inst. | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Descendants
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*all (Proto-West Germanic)
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al, ol (Old Dutch)
-
al (Middle Dutch)
- al (Limburgish)
-
al (Middle Dutch)
-
al, ol (Old Dutch)
-
*all (Proto-West Germanic)
-
al, ol (Old Dutch)
-
al (Middle Dutch)
-
al (Dutch)
- al (Afrikaans)
-
al (Dutch)
-
al (Middle Dutch)
-
al, ol (Old Dutch)
-
*all (Proto-West Germanic)
-
eall, æal, all, æall, eal, eæll, ᚪᛚ (al) (Old English)
-
all, al (Middle English)
- all (English)
- a', a, aw, aa, aal (Scots)
-
all, al (Middle English)
-
eall, æal, all, æall, eal, eæll, ᚪᛚ (al) (Old English)
-
*all (Proto-West Germanic)
-
al (Old Frisian)
- al, aal (Saterland Frisian)
- al (West Frisian)
-
al (Old Frisian)
-
*all (Proto-West Germanic)
-
al, all (Old High German)
-
al (Middle High German)
- älli (Alemannic German)
- all (German)
- all (Luxembourgish)
- אַלע (ale) (Yiddish)
-
al (Middle High German)
-
al, all (Old High German)
-
*all (Proto-West Germanic)
-
al, all (Old Saxon)
-
al, alle (Middle Low German)
- all, alle, olle (Low German)
-
al, alle (Middle Low German)
-
al, all (Old Saxon)
-
allr (Old Norse)
- allur (Faroese)
- allur (Icelandic)
- all (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
allr (Old Norse)
-
al (Danish)
- all (Norwegian Bokmål)
-
al (Danish)
-
allr (Old Norse)
-
alder, ᛆᛚᚦᚽᚱ (Old Swedish)
- all (Swedish)
-
alder, ᛆᛚᚦᚽᚱ (Old Swedish)
- 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍃 (alls) (Gothic)