*balþijaną
Runic: ᛒᚨᛚᚦᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈbɑl.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Weak class 1
Meanings
- to be or make bold; dare, encourage, embolden
- by extension, to undertake, accomplish
Etymology
From *balþaz + *-(i)janą¹, the Weak class 1 verbalizing suffix. The formation is deadjectival, with both essive ‘be bold, dare’ and factitive ‘make bold, encourage’ meanings reflected in Gothic *balþjan, Old English *bieldan, Old Saxon *beldian, and Old High German *balden (Fulk 2018: 294–95; Heidermanns 1993: 115; Lehmann 1986a: 60, s.v. balþaba; Orel 2003: 34). Kroonen reconstructs *balþjan- beside Verner-voiced variant *baldjan-, the latter continued by Old English *bieldan (Kroonen 2013: 50, s.v. *balþ/da-). For the deeper Proto-Indo-European etymology, see *balþaz.
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | balþijō | balþijaų | – |
| 2nd singular | balþīsi | balþijais | balþī |
| 3rd singular | balþīþi | balþijai | balþijaþau |
| 1st dual | balþijōs | balþijaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | balþijaþiz | balþijaiþiz | balþijaþiz |
| 1st plural | balþijamaz | balþijaim | – |
| 2nd plural | balþīþ | balþijaiþ | balþīþ |
| 3rd plural | balþijanþi | balþijain | balþijanþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | balþijai | – |
| 2nd singular | balþijasai | balþijaisau |
| 3rd singular | balþijaþai | balþijaiþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | balþijanþai | balþijainþau |
| 2nd plural | balþijanþai | balþijainþau |
| 3rd plural | balþijanþai | balþijainþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | balþidǭ | balþidēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | balþidēz | balþidēdīz |
| 3rd singular | balþidē | balþidēdī |
| 1st dual | balþidēdū | balþidēdīw |
| 2nd dual | balþidēdudiz | balþidēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | balþidēdum | balþidēdīm |
| 2nd plural | balþidēdud | balþidēdīd |
| 3rd plural | balþidēdun | balþidēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| balþijaną | balþijandz | balþidaz |
Descendants
-
*balþijan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
bieldan, byldan, bildan (Old English)
-
belden, beelde, beelden, belde, bilden, beld, beilde, byld, beldenn, beoldenn, bealden (Middle English)
- bield (English)
-
belden, beelde, beelden, belde, bilden, beld, beilde, byld, beldenn, beoldenn, bealden (Middle English)
-
bieldan, byldan, bildan (Old English)
-
*balþijan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
bieldan, byldan, bildan (Old English)
-
belden, beelde, beelden, belde, bilden, beld, beilde, byld, beldenn, beoldenn, bealden (Middle English)
-
belde, beild, bield (Middle Scots)
- bield, beild (Scots)
-
belde, beild, bield (Middle Scots)
-
belden, beelde, beelden, belde, bilden, beld, beilde, byld, beldenn, beoldenn, bealden (Middle English)
-
bieldan, byldan, bildan (Old English)
-
*balþijan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
belden (Old High German)
- belden, balden (Middle High German)
-
belden (Old High German)
-
*balþijan (Proto-West Germanic)
- beldian (Old Saxon)
-
bella (Old Norse)
- bella (Elfdalian)
- bella (Icelandic)
- belle (Norwegian Nynorsk)
- 𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (balþjan) (Gothic)