*bringaną

Runic: ᛒᚱᛁᚾᚷᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈbriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

verb

Meanings

to bring

Etymology

Primary mixed verb. (Boutkan 2005) believes this is form a Proto-Germanic-Celtic substrate. De (Vries 2005) considers it a gʰ-enlargement with nasal infix of *bʰer- (*bʰ(e)regʰ- > *bʰrengʰ-; compare *ster- > *strengʰ-). The prevailing thought (e.g., Pokorny 1959) seems to be that it comes from a pre-Germanic compound of Proto-Indo-European roots *bʰer- (‘to bear, carry’) and *h₁neḱ- (‘to reach, attain’), or an independently nasalized velar extension of the same (*bʰrenk-). Possible cognates include Welsh hebrwng (‘to escort, lead’) from Proto-Brythonic *hembrüngɨd (‘to accompany, escort’), suggesting a possible regional North-West Indo-European formation. The verb is notable for being the only known Proto-Germanic primary verb to maintain a mixed strong-weak paradigm.

Its odd morphology can most easily be explained as conflation of a PIE primary thematic present *bʰrenk-e/o- and a semantically redundant Class I weak causative *brangijaną (from PIE *bʰronḱ-éye/o-). The present stem *bring- derives its vowel from the primary present, but its voiced velar -g- from the causative stem, where suffixal accentuation triggered Verner's Law. Old English brengan, Old Saxon brengian, and Middle Dutch/Middle Low German brengen explicitly preserve the causative formation (with a > e from i-mutation).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	bringō	bringaų	–
2nd singular	bringizi	bringaiz	bring
3rd singular	bringidi	bringai	bringadau
1st dual	bringōz	bringaiw	–
2nd dual	bringadiz	bringaidiz	bringadiz
1st plural	bringamaz	bringaim	–
2nd plural	bringid	bringaid	bringid
3rd plural	bringandi	bringain	bringandau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	bringai	–
2nd singular	bringazai	bringaizau
3rd singular	bringadai	bringaidau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	bringandai	bringaindau
2nd plural	bringandai	bringaindau
3rd plural	bringandai	bringaindau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	branhtǭ	branhtēdį̄
2nd singular	branhtēz	branhtēdīz
3rd singular	branhtē	branhtēdī
1st dual	branhtēdū	branhtēdīw
2nd dual	branhtēdudiz	branhtēdīdiz
1st plural	branhtēdum	branhtēdīm
2nd plural	branhtēdud	branhtēdīd
3rd plural	branhtēdun	branhtēdīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
bringaną	bringandz	branhtaz

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Descendants

*bringan (Proto-West Germanic)
- bringan (Old Dutch)
  - bringen (Middle Dutch)
    - bringe (Limburgish)
    - bringen (West Flemish)
*bringan (Proto-West Germanic)
- bringan (Old Dutch)
  - bringen (Middle Dutch)
    - brengen, bringen (Dutch)
      - bring (Afrikaans)
*bringan (Proto-West Germanic)
- bringan (Old English)
  - bryngen (Middle English)
    - bring (English)
    - bring (Scots)
*bringan (Proto-West Germanic)
- brenga, bringa, branga, brendza (Old Frisian)
  - brange (Saterland Frisian)
  - bringe (West Frisian)
*bringan (Proto-West Germanic)
- bringan, pringan (Old High German)
  - bringen (Middle High German)
    - bringe (Alemannic German)
    - brenge (Central Franconian)
    - bringen (German)
    - brenge, bringe (Rhine Franconian)
    - ברענגען (brengen) (Yiddish)
*bringan (Proto-West Germanic)
- brengian, brengan, bringan (Old Saxon)
  - brengen, bringen (Middle Low German)
    - bringe (Danish)
    - bringen, brängen, brengen (Low German)
    - bringe, bringa (Norwegian)
    - bringa (Swedish)
𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (briggan) (Gothic)

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