*brōdijaną
Runic: ᛒᚱᛟᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈbrɔː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Weak class 1
Meanings
- to keep warm; brood
- to breed
Etymology
Likely derived from the noun *brōduz (‘heat, warmth, incubation; brood; breeding’) + *-(i)janą(causative suffix forming Weak class 1 verbs). This provides a simpler derivation than directly from a Proto-Indo-European causative, as it provides a simple solution for the -d-. Alternatively, it would have to be from a PIE t-extension with a causative suffix, *bʰroh₁-t-éy-e/o- from *bʰreh₁- (‘to burn, brew’), upon which a tu-stem was built for the noun. Related to Proto-Germanic *brōaną (‘to singe, warm, brew’), *brewwaną (‘to brew’)). Also related to *brēdaną (‘to warm, heat, broil; roast (meat)’), and *brējaną (‘to roast, smell’).
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | brōdijō | brōdijaų | – |
| 2nd singular | brōdīsi | brōdijais | brōdī |
| 3rd singular | brōdīþi | brōdijai | brōdijaþau |
| 1st dual | brōdijōs | brōdijaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | brōdijaþiz | brōdijaiþiz | brōdijaþiz |
| 1st plural | brōdijamaz | brōdijaim | – |
| 2nd plural | brōdīþ | brōdijaiþ | brōdīþ |
| 3rd plural | brōdijanþi | brōdijain | brōdijanþau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | brōdijai | – |
| 2nd singular | brōdijasai | brōdijaisau |
| 3rd singular | brōdijaþai | brōdijaiþau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | brōdijanþai | brōdijainþau |
| 2nd plural | brōdijanþai | brōdijainþau |
| 3rd plural | brōdijanþai | brōdijainþau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | brōdidǭ | brōdidēdį̄ |
| 2nd singular | brōdidēz | brōdidēdīz |
| 3rd singular | brōdidē | brōdidēdī |
| 1st dual | brōdidēdū | brōdidēdīw |
| 2nd dual | brōdidēdudiz | brōdidēdīdiz |
| 1st plural | brōdidēdum | brōdidēdīm |
| 2nd plural | brōdidēdud | brōdidēdīd |
| 3rd plural | brōdidēdun | brōdidēdīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| brōdijaną | brōdijandz | brōdidaz |
Descendants
-
*bruoden (Old Dutch)
-
broeden, bruden (Middle Dutch)
- broeden (Dutch)
-
broeden, bruden (Middle Dutch)
-
brēdan (Old English)
-
breden (Middle English)
- breed (English)
- brede, breid (Scots)
-
breden (Middle English)
-
*brēda (Old Frisian)
- briede (Saterland Frisian)
- briede (West Frisian)
-
bruoten (Old High German)
-
brüeten (Middle High German)
- brüten (German)
- briede (Hunsrik)
- bréien (Luxembourgish)
-
brüeten (Middle High German)
-
*brōdian (Old Saxon)
-
brôden, bröden (Middle Low German)
- bröden (Low German)
-
brôden, bröden (Middle Low German)