*dreuganą^¹

Runic: ᛞᚱᛖᚢᚷᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈdreu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Strong class 2

Meanings

to mislead, deceive

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-e/o- from root *dʰrewgʰ- (‘to deceive’). Cognates are Sanskrit द्रुह्यति (drúhyati) (drúhyati, ‘to hurt, injure, harm, seek to harm, be hostile to’), Manx drogh (‘bad, evil, wicked’), and Old Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬆𐬔𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (drəguuaṇt) (drəguuaṇt, ‘follower of the Lie’). Related to *draugaz (‘phantom, ghost, revenant; demon, troll, ghoul’), *drugą (‘deception, delusion’), and *draumaz (‘dream’).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	dreugō	dreugaų	–
2nd singular	driugizi	dreugaiz	dreug
3rd singular	driugidi	dreugai	dreugadau
1st dual	dreugōz	dreugaiw	–
2nd dual	dreugadiz	dreugaidiz	dreugadiz
1st plural	dreugamaz	dreugaim	–
2nd plural	driugid	dreugaid	driugid
3rd plural	dreugandi	dreugain	dreugandau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	dreugai	–
2nd singular	dreugazai	dreugaizau
3rd singular	dreugadai	dreugaidau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	dreugandai	dreugaindau
2nd plural	dreugandai	dreugaindau
3rd plural	dreugandai	dreugaindau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	draug	drugį̄
2nd singular	drauht	drugīz
3rd singular	draug	drugī
1st dual	drugū	drugīw
2nd dual	drugudiz	drugīdiz
1st plural	drugum	drugīm
2nd plural	drugud	drugīd
3rd plural	drugun	drugīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
dreuganą	dreugandz	druganaz

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Descendants

*dreugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *driegan (Old Dutch)
  - driegen (Middle Dutch)
    - bedriegen (Dutch)
*dreugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- driāga (Old Frisian)
  - drjooge (Saterland Frisian)
*dreugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- triogan (Old High German)
  - triegen, trūgen (Middle High German)
    - trügen (German)
*dreugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- driogan (Old Saxon)
  - drêgen, drȫgen, drogen (Middle Low German)
    - dregen (Low German)

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