*dreuganą²
Runic: ᛞᚱᛖᚢᚷᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈdreu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Strong class 2
Meanings
to serve, be a retainer
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-e/o- from root *dʰrewgʰ- (‘to accompany, follow, be loyal; loyal’). Cognate with Lithuanian draũgas (‘male friend’) and Old Church Slavonic дроугъ (drugŭ) (drugŭ, ‘friend, other’). Related to *dreugaz (‘enduring, lasting’), *druhtiz (‘band of retainers, troop’), and *druhtinaz (‘leader, lord, sovereign’).
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | dreugō | dreugaų | – |
| 2nd singular | driugizi | dreugaiz | dreug |
| 3rd singular | driugidi | dreugai | dreugadau |
| 1st dual | dreugōz | dreugaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | dreugadiz | dreugaidiz | dreugadiz |
| 1st plural | dreugamaz | dreugaim | – |
| 2nd plural | driugid | dreugaid | driugid |
| 3rd plural | dreugandi | dreugain | dreugandau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | dreugai | – |
| 2nd singular | dreugazai | dreugaizau |
| 3rd singular | dreugadai | dreugaidau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | dreugandai | dreugaindau |
| 2nd plural | dreugandai | dreugaindau |
| 3rd plural | dreugandai | dreugaindau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | draug | drugį̄ |
| 2nd singular | drauht | drugīz |
| 3rd singular | draug | drugī |
| 1st dual | drugū | drugīw |
| 2nd dual | drugudiz | drugīdiz |
| 1st plural | drugum | drugīm |
| 2nd plural | drugud | drugīd |
| 3rd plural | drugun | drugīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| dreuganą | dreugandz | druganaz |
Descendants
-
*dreugan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
drēogan (Old English)
-
dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen (Middle English)
- dree, drudge (English)
- dre, drie, drey, dree (Scots)
-
dreogen, dregen, dreghen, dreȝen, drehen, dryen, dreen (Middle English)
-
drēogan (Old English)
- 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (driugan) (Gothic)