*fleuganą

Runic: ᚠᛚᛖᚢᚷᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɸleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Strong class 2

Meanings

to fly

Etymology

From pre-Germanic *pléwk-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (‘to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands’), an extension of root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). (Kroonen 2013) explains the -g- (rather than expected -h-) as resulting from interference with the iterative *flukkōną ~ *flugōną (‘to fly, flutter’). This change possibly occurred to help differentiate it from *fleuhaną (‘to flee; to escape’), which would have been homophonous with the original pronunciation. Cognate with Latin plūma (‘feather, plume’) and Lithuanian plùnksna (‘feather; quill, pen’). Related to *fleugǭ (‘flying insect, fly’), *flugǭ (‘flying insect, fly’), *flugilaz (‘wing’), *fuglaz (‘bird’).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	fleugō	fleugaų	–
2nd singular	fliugizi	fleugaiz	fleug
3rd singular	fliugidi	fleugai	fleugadau
1st dual	fleugōz	fleugaiw	–
2nd dual	fleugadiz	fleugaidiz	fleugadiz
1st plural	fleugamaz	fleugaim	–
2nd plural	fliugid	fleugaid	fliugid
3rd plural	fleugandi	fleugain	fleugandau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	fleugai	–
2nd singular	fleugazai	fleugaizau
3rd singular	fleugadai	fleugaidau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	fleugandai	fleugaindau
2nd plural	fleugandai	fleugaindau
3rd plural	fleugandai	fleugaindau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	flaug	flugį̄
2nd singular	flauht	flugīz
3rd singular	flaug	flugī
1st dual	flugū	flugīw
2nd dual	flugudiz	flugīdiz
1st plural	flugum	flugīm
2nd plural	flugud	flugīd
3rd plural	flugun	flugīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
fleuganą	fleugandz	fluganaz

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Descendants

*fleugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- fliegan (Old Dutch)
  - vliegen (Middle Dutch)
    - vliegen (Dutch)
    - vlege (Limburgish)
*fleugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- flēogan (Old English)
  - flien (Middle English)
    - fly (English)
    - fle (Scots)
*fleugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- fliāga (Old Frisian)
  - fljoge (Saterland Frisian)
  - fleane (West Frisian)
*fleugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- fliogan, fliocan (Old High German)
  - vliegen (Middle High German)
    - fleeje (Central Franconian)
    - fliegen (German)
    - fléien (Luxembourgish)
    - פֿליִען (flien) (Yiddish)
*fleugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- fliogan (Old Saxon)
  - vlêgen (Middle Low German)
    - fläje (Plautdietsch)
*fleugan (Proto-West Germanic)
- fliogan (Old Saxon)
  - vlêgen (Middle Low German)
    - fliegen (Low German)
      - flegen (Low German)
fljúga (Old Norse)
- fliuoga (Elfdalian)
- flúgva, fljúgva, fljúga (Faroese)
- flauge (Gutnish)
- fljúga (Icelandic)
fljúga (Old Norse)
- fljuga, flyga, fly (Norwegian Nynorsk)
  - flyge (Norwegian Bokmål)
fljúga (Old Norse)
- flȳghæ (Old Danish)
  - flyve (Danish)
    - flyve, fly (Norwegian Bokmål)
fljúga (Old Norse)
- flȳgha, fliūgha (Old Swedish)
  - flyga (Swedish)

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