*ginnaną
Runic: ᚷᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈɣin.nɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Strong class 3
Meanings
- to begin
- to make an opening, to cut open
Etymology
Unclear, the root has often been traced to Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (‘to take’), e.g. by LIV. Kroonen and Scheungraber take it to be from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (‘to arise, begin’), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic *načęti (‘to begin’) and Proto-Celtic *kentus (‘first’). If the meaning 'to cut open' is original, the verb could be related to *gīnaną (‘to gape, to yawn’) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰh₂ey-.
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ginnō | ginnaų | – |
| 2nd singular | ginnizi | ginnaiz | ginn |
| 3rd singular | ginnidi | ginnai | ginnadau |
| 1st dual | ginnōz | ginnaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | ginnadiz | ginnaidiz | ginnadiz |
| 1st plural | ginnamaz | ginnaim | – |
| 2nd plural | ginnid | ginnaid | ginnid |
| 3rd plural | ginnandi | ginnain | ginnandau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | ginnai | – |
| 2nd singular | ginnazai | ginnaizau |
| 3rd singular | ginnadai | ginnaidau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | ginnandai | ginnaindau |
| 2nd plural | ginnandai | ginnaindau |
| 3rd plural | ginnandai | ginnaindau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | gann | gunnį̄ |
| 2nd singular | gannt | gunnīz |
| 3rd singular | gann | gunnī |
| 1st dual | gunnū | gunnīw |
| 2nd dual | gunnudiz | gunnīdiz |
| 1st plural | gunnum | gunnīm |
| 2nd plural | gunnud | gunnīd |
| 3rd plural | gunnun | gunnīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| ginnaną | ginnandz | gunnanaz |
Descendants
-
*anaginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*anaginnan (Old High German)
- aneginnen (Middle High German)
-
*anaginnan (Old High German)
- *andaginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *biginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*gaginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
- giginnan (Old High German)
-
*gaginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
*gaginnan (Old Saxon)
- geginnen (Middle Low German)
-
*gaginnan (Old Saxon)
-
*inginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
- inginnan (Old English)
-
*undarginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
- underginnan (Old English)
-
*uʀginnan (Proto-West Germanic)
- āginnan (Old Dutch)
- āginnan (Old English)
- 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (duginnan) (Gothic)