*harduz

Runic: ᚺᚨᚱᛞᚢᛉ Pronunciation: /ˈxɑr.ðuz/

adjective · u-stem

Meanings

hard
brave

Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from a Schwebeablaut o-grade formation of *kret- (‘strong, powerful’), and compared with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús) (kratús, ‘strong’), Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos) (krátos, ‘strength, power, dominion’). Kroonen appears skeptical enough, however, to espouse an alternative derivation from Strunk and Heidermanns from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (‘to cut’), comparing Lithuanian kartùs (‘bitter’) and Proto-Slavic *kortъ̀kъ (‘short’) (though he is not skeptical enough to offer this latter theory as the main etymology).

Compare also Ashkun kāṭ (‘strength’), Kamkata-viri koṭ (‘strength’), Prasuni kaṭ (‘strength’), Waigali kāṭ (‘strength’).

Declension

Strong declension

Case	Sg. Masc.	Sg. Fem.	Sg. Neut.	Pl. Masc.	Pl. Fem.	Pl. Neut.
Nom.	harduz	hardī	hardų, -jatō	hardijai	hardijôz	hardijō
Acc.	hardijanǭ	hardijǭ	hardų, -jatō	hardijanz	hardijōz	hardijō
Gen.	hardijas, hardīs	hardijaizōz	hardijas, hardīs	hardijaizǫ̂	hardijaizǫ̂	hardijaizǫ̂
Dat.	hardijammai	hardijaizōi	hardijammai	hardijaimaz	hardijaimaz	hardijaimaz
Inst.	hardijanō	hardijaizō	hardijanō	hardijaimiz	hardijaimiz	hardijaimiz

Weak declension

Case	Sg. Masc.	Sg. Fem.	Sg. Neut.	Pl. Masc.	Pl. Fem.	Pl. Neut.
Nom.	hardijô	hardijǭ	hardijô	hardijaniz	hardijōniz	hardijōnō
Acc.	hardijanų	hardijōnų	hardijô	hardijanunz	hardijōnunz	hardijōnō
Gen.	hardīniz	hardijōniz	hardīniz	hardijanǫ̂	hardijōnǫ̂	hardijanǫ̂
Dat.	hardīni	hardijōni	hardīni	hardijammaz	hardijōmaz	hardijammaz
Inst.	hardīnē	hardijōnē	hardīnē	hardijammiz	hardijōmiz	hardijammiz

Find a form

Descendants

*hard(ī) (Proto-West Germanic)
- hart (Old Dutch)
  - hart, hert (Middle Dutch)
    - hard (Dutch)
      - hārd (Jersey Dutch)
      - hart (Negerhollands)
      - hardt (Skepi Creole Dutch)
*hard(ī) (Proto-West Germanic)
- heard (Old English)
  - hard (Middle English)
    - hard, haird (Scots)
*hard(ī) (Proto-West Germanic)
- heard (Old English)
  - hard (Middle English)
    - hard (English)
      - haarti (Finnish)
      - hard (Spanish)
*hard(ī) (Proto-West Germanic)
- herde, herd (Old Frisian)
  - hart (Saterland Frisian)
  - hurd (West Frisian)
*hard(ī) (Proto-West Germanic)
- hart, herti (Old High German)
  - hart, herte (Middle High German)
    - hert (Alemannic German)
    - hoat (Bavarian)
    - haat (Central Franconian)
    - hart (German)
    - haart (Luxembourgish)
    - האַרט (hart) (Yiddish)
*hard(ī) (Proto-West Germanic)
- hard (Old Saxon)
  - hart, hārde (Middle Low German)
    - hard, hart (Low German)
harðr (Old Norse)
- harður (Faroese)
- harður (Icelandic)
harðr (Old Norse)
- hard, hard’u, hard’e (Norwegian)
  - hard (Norwegian Bokmål)
harðr (Old Norse)
- harth (Old Danish)
  - hård (Danish)
  - hård (Norwegian Bokmål)
harðr (Old Norse)
- harþer (Old Swedish)
  - hård (Swedish)
𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) (Gothic)
*hardas (Proto-Finnic)

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