*helpaną
Runic: ᚺᛖᛚᛈᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈxel.pɑ.nɑ̃/verb · Strong class 3
Meanings
to help
Etymology
Appears to derive from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱelb-, *ḱelp- (‘to help’), with Lithuanian šel̃pti (‘to help, support’) as a cognate; however, there are subtle phono-grammatical issues (for which see Kroonen for more), in addition to the seemingly-related Lithuanian gélbėti (‘to help’) being phonetically irreconcilable with regular sound laws.
Conjugation
Present active
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | helpō | helpaų | – |
| 2nd singular | hilpizi | helpaiz | help |
| 3rd singular | hilpidi | helpai | helpadau |
| 1st dual | helpōz | helpaiw | – |
| 2nd dual | helpadiz | helpaidiz | helpadiz |
| 1st plural | helpamaz | helpaim | – |
| 2nd plural | hilpid | helpaid | hilpid |
| 3rd plural | helpandi | helpain | helpandau |
Present passive
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | helpai | – |
| 2nd singular | helpazai | helpaizau |
| 3rd singular | helpadai | helpaidau |
| 1st dual | – | – |
| 2nd dual | – | – |
| 1st plural | helpandai | helpaindau |
| 2nd plural | helpandai | helpaindau |
| 3rd plural | helpandai | helpaindau |
Past
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | halp | hulpį̄ |
| 2nd singular | halft | hulpīz |
| 3rd singular | halp | hulpī |
| 1st dual | hulpū | hulpīw |
| 2nd dual | hulpudiz | hulpīdiz |
| 1st plural | hulpum | hulpīm |
| 2nd plural | hulpud | hulpīd |
| 3rd plural | hulpun | hulpīn |
Non-finite Forms
| Infinitive | Present Participle | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| helpaną | helpandz | hulpanaz |
Descendants
-
*helpan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
helpan (Old Dutch)
-
helpen (Middle Dutch)
- hèlpe (Limburgish)
-
helpen (Middle Dutch)
-
helpan (Old Dutch)
-
*helpan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
helpan (Old Dutch)
-
helpen (Middle Dutch)
-
helpen (Dutch)
- help (Afrikaans)
- helpu (Berbice Creole Dutch)
- hèlep, ngèlep (Caribbean Javanese)
- helpen (Javindo)
- hälpe (Jersey Dutch)
- help (Negerhollands)
- halp (Skepi Creole Dutch)
-
helpen (Dutch)
-
helpen (Middle Dutch)
-
helpan (Old Dutch)
-
*helpan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
helpan (Old English)
-
helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan (Middle English)
- help (English)
- help (Scots)
- help (Yola)
-
helpen, help, elp, helpi, healpe, heolpe, halpen, hælpan (Middle English)
-
helpan (Old English)
-
*helpan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
helpa (Old Frisian)
- ? (North Frisian)
- hälpe (Saterland Frisian)
- helpe (West Frisian)
-
helpa (Old Frisian)
-
*helpan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
hëlfan, hëlpan (Old High German)
-
hëlfen (Middle High German)
- hellepe (Central Franconian)
- hölfan (Cimbrian)
- helfen (German)
- hëllefen (Luxembourgish)
- העלפֿן (helfn) (Yiddish)
-
hëlfen (Middle High German)
-
hëlfan, hëlpan (Old High German)
-
*helpan (Proto-West Germanic)
-
helpan (Old Saxon)
-
helpen (Middle Low German)
-
helpen (Low German)
- helpen, hölpen, hülpen (German Low German)
-
helpen (Low German)
-
helpen (Middle Low German)
-
helpan (Old Saxon)
-
hjalpa (Old Norse)
- hjálpa (Faroese)
- hjálpa (Icelandic)
- hjelpe (Norwegian Bokmål)
- hjelpa, hjalpa, hjålpa, hjølpa, hjòlpa, helpa (Norwegian Nynorsk)
-
hjalpa (Old Norse)
-
hiælpæ, hialpæ (Old Danish)
- hjælpe (Danish)
-
hiælpæ, hialpæ (Old Danish)
-
hjalpa (Old Norse)
-
hiælpa (Old Swedish)
- hjälpa (Swedish)
-
hiælpa (Old Swedish)
- 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽 (hilpan) (Gothic)
- *këlbat'ak (Proto-Finnic)