*hrewwaną

Runic: ᚺᚱᛖᚹᚨᚾᚨ Pronunciation: /ˈxrew.wɑ.nɑ̃/

verb · Strong class 2

Meanings

to grieve, to feel sorrow
to cause regret, to rue

Etymology

Of uncertain origin. Appears to trace back to a Proto-Indo-European *krew (H)-, with no secure extra-Germanic cognates. Theories include connections to Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (‘blood’), as well as to *krows- (‘to fall, beat, break, bruise’). In the latter case, cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (‘to smash, crash, bruise’), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, ‘to destroy’), Russian сокруша́ться (sokrušátʹsja) (note the same sense evolution, also compare Czech truchlit from Proto-Slavic *truxlъ).

Conjugation

Present active

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	hrewwō	hrewwaų	–
2nd singular	hriwwizi	hrewwaiz	hreww
3rd singular	hriwwidi	hrewwai	hrewwadau
1st dual	hrewwōz	hrewwaiw	–
2nd dual	hrewwadiz	hrewwaidiz	hrewwadiz
1st plural	hrewwamaz	hrewwaim	–
2nd plural	hriwwid	hrewwaid	hriwwid
3rd plural	hrewwandi	hrewwain	hrewwandau

Present passive

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	hrewwai	–
2nd singular	hrewwazai	hrewwaizau
3rd singular	hrewwadai	hrewwaidau
1st dual	–	–
2nd dual	–	–
1st plural	hrewwandai	hrewwaindau
2nd plural	hrewwandai	hrewwaindau
3rd plural	hrewwandai	hrewwaindau

Past

Person	Indicative	Subjunctive
1st singular	hrau	hruwį̄
2nd singular	hraut	hruwīz
3rd singular	hrau	hruwī
1st dual	hruwū	hruwīw
2nd dual	hruwudiz	hruwīdiz
1st plural	hruwum	hruwīm
2nd plural	hruwud	hruwīd
3rd plural	hruwun	hruwīn

Non-finite Forms

Infinitive	Present Participle	Past Participle
hrewwaną	hrewwandz	hruwanaz

Find a form

Descendants

*hreuwan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *riuwan (Old Dutch)
  - rouwen (Middle Dutch)
    - roewe (Limburgish)
*hreuwan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *riuwan (Old Dutch)
  - rouwen (Middle Dutch)
    - rouwen (Dutch)
      - rou (Afrikaans)
*hreuwan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hrēowan (Old English)
  - rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe (Middle English)
    - rue (English)
    - rew (Scots)
*hreuwan (Proto-West Germanic)
- *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa (Old Frisian)
  - rouwe (West Frisian)
*hreuwan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hriuwan, riuwan (Old High German)
  - riuwen (Middle High German)
    - rüüwe (Alemannic German)
    - reuen (German)
*hreuwan (Proto-West Germanic)
- hriuwan, hreuwan (Old Saxon)
  - ruwen, rouwen (Middle Low German)
    - ruwen, rouwen, ruen (Low German)
hryggva (Old Norse)
? (Old Norse)
- ryggja (Faroese)
- hryggja (Icelandic)
- ryggja (Norwegian Nynorsk)

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